一个目录条目链接一个结构:

struct dentry{
    ino_t ino;
    char  name[256];
}

ino是inode的编号，name是文件名，inode结构可能是这样的:

struct inode{
      link_t nlink; 
      ...
}

例如，你创建一个文件/1，目录条目可能是这样的:

struct dentry{
     ino_t ino; /* such as 15 */
     char  name[256]; /* "1" */
} 

inode结构可能是这样的:

   struct inode{ /* inode number 15 */
         link_t nlink; /* nlink = 1 */
         ...
    }

然后你创建一个硬链接(可能是/100)，目录条目可能是这样的:

  struct dentry{
     ino_t ino; /* 15 */
     char  name[256]; /* 100 */
  }

inode结构可能是这样的:

   struct inode{ /* inode numebr 15 */
         link_t nlink; /* nlink = 2 */
         ...
    }

然后你创建一个符号链接(可能是/200)到文件1，目录条目可能是这样的:

  struct dentry{
        ino_t ino; /* such as 16 */
        char  name[256]; /* "200" */
  }

inode结构可能是这样的:

   struct inode{ /* inode number 15 */ 
         link_t nlink; /* nlink = 2 */
         ...
    }

   struct inode{ /* inode number 16 */
         link_t nlink; /* nlink = 1 */
         ...
    } /* the data of inode 16 maybe /1 or 1 */

What you think of as an ordinary "file" is actually two separate things: The data of a file, and a directory entry. When you create a hard link for a file, you actually create a second directory entry which refers to the same data. Both directory entries have the exact same functionality; each one can be used to open the file to read it. So you don't really have "a file plus a hard link", you have "file data with two directory entries". What you think of as deleting a file actually deletes a directory entry, and when the last directory entry for the data is deleted, then the data itself is deleted as well. For ordinary files that have only one directory entry, deleting the directory entry will delete the data as always. (While a file is opened, the OS creates a temporary link to the file, so even when you delete all directory entries, the data stays but disappears as soon as you close the file).

例如，创建文件a .txt，硬链接B.txt，然后删除a .txt。当您创建a .txt时，会创建一些数据，并创建一个目录条目a .txt。在创建硬链接时，创建了另一个目录条目B.txt，指向完全相同的数据。当您删除a .txt时，您仍然拥有所有数据和一个目录条目B.txt，就像您首先创建了一个文件B.txt一样。

软链接只是一个(几乎)普通的文件，只是它不包含数据，而是另一个目录条目的路径。如果你删除了软链接所指向的文件，那么软链接将包含一个不再指向目录条目的路径;它坏了。如果你删除软链接，就像删除任何其他文件一样，它指向的文件不受影响。

简单地说，硬链接:就是给一个文件添加一个新的名字，也就是说，一个文件可以同时有很多名字，所有的名字都是相等的，没有一个是优先的，硬链接并不是指复制文件的所有内容，并不是说创建一个新的文件，它只是创建一个可供选择的名字。

符号链接(symlink):是指向另一个文件的文件指针，如果符号链接指向一个已存在的文件，但该文件稍后被删除，则符号链接将继续指向相同的文件名，即使该文件名不再命名任何文件。

加上以上所有答案，查找硬链接和软链接文件的差异可以理解为:

在当前目录中有一个文件f6，还有一个名为t2的目录。

名为f1和。/t2/f2的文件是到f6的符号链接。

f7和。/t2/f8文件是f6的硬链接。

要找到软链接和硬链接，我们可以使用:

$ find -L . -samefile f6 

> ./f1
> ./f6
> ./f7
> ./t2/f2
> ./t2/f8

找到硬链接，我们可以使用:

$ find . -xdev -samefile f6

> ./f6
> ./f7
> ./t2/f8

因为硬链接可以在同一个文件系统上创建，所以我们可以在同一个文件系统/挂载点中搜索所有没有使用-L选项的硬链接(使用-xdev选项)。它节省了不必要的搜索到不同的挂载点。

所以搜索硬链接比搜索软链接快一些(如果我错了或不清楚，请纠正)。

当原始文件被移动时，硬链接非常有用。例如，将文件从/bin移动到/usr/bin或/usr/local/bin。到/bin中文件的任何符号链接都将被破坏，但是硬链接(直接到文件的inode的链接)不会关心。

硬链接可能占用更少的磁盘空间，因为它们只占用一个目录条目，而符号链接需要自己的inode来存储它所指向的名称。

Hard links also take less time to resolve - symlinks can point to other symlinks that are in symlinked directories. And some of these could be on NFS or other high-latency file systems, and so could result in network traffic to resolve. Hard links, being always on the same file system, are always resolved in a single look-up, and never involve network latency (if it's a hardlink on an NFS filesystem, the NFS server would do the resolution, and it would be invisible to the client system). Sometimes this is important. Not for me, but I can imagine high-performance systems where this might be important.

I also think things like mmap(2) and even open(2) use the same functionality as hardlinks to keep a file's inode active so that even if the file gets unlink(2)ed, the inode remains to allow the process continued access, and only once the process closes it does the file really go away. This allows for much safer temporary files (if you can get the open and unlink to happen atomically, which there may be a POSIX API for that I'm not remembering, then you really have a safe temporary file) where you can read/write your data without anyone being able to access it. Well, that was true before /proc gave everyone the ability to look at your file descriptors, but that's another story.

说到这里，恢复一个在进程a中打开，但在文件系统中未链接的文件需要使用硬链接来重新创建inode链接，这样当打开该文件的进程关闭或离开时，该文件不会消失。

俗话说，一幅画胜过千言万语。以下是我对它的想象:

下面是我们如何得到这张照片的:

Create a name myfile.txt in the file system that points to a new inode (which contains the metadata for the file and points to the blocks of data that contain its contents, i.e. the text "Hello, World!": $ echo 'Hello, World!' > myfile.txt Create a hard link my-hard-link to the file myfile.txt, which means "create a file that should point to the same inode that myfile.txt points to": $ ln myfile.txt my-hard-link Create a soft link my-soft-link to the file myfile.txt, which means "create a file that should point to the file myfile.txt": $ ln -s myfile.txt my-soft-link

看看如果myfile.txt被删除(或移动)会发生什么:my-hard-link仍然指向相同的内容，因此不受影响，而my-soft-link现在什么都不指向。其他答案讨论了每种方法的利与弊。