This is my take on it. I would say unit testing is the practice of writing software tests to verify that your real software does what it is meant to. This started with jUnit in the Java world and has become a best practice in PHP as well with SimpleTest and phpUnit. It's a core practice of Extreme Programming and helps you to be sure that your software still works as intended after editing. If you have sufficient test coverage, you can do major refactoring, bug fixing or add features rapidly with much less fear of introducing other problems.

当所有单元测试都能自动运行时，这是最有效的。

单元测试通常与OO开发相关联。基本思想是创建一个脚本，为你的代码设置环境，然后练习它;您编写断言，指定您应该接收的预期输出，然后使用如上所述的框架执行您的测试脚本。

框架将针对您的代码运行所有测试，然后报告每个测试的成功或失败。phpUnit默认情况下从Linux命令行运行，尽管有HTTP接口可用于它。SimpleTest本质上是基于web的，在我看来，它更容易启动和运行。结合xDebug, phpUnit可以为您提供代码覆盖率的自动统计数据，有些人认为这非常有用。

有些团队从他们的subversion存储库编写钩子，以便在提交更改时自动运行单元测试。

将单元测试保存在与应用程序相同的存储库中是一个很好的实践。

我想推荐Gerard Meszaros的《xUnit测试模式》一书。它很大，但在单元测试方面是一个很好的资源。这里有一个链接到他的网站，在那里他讨论了单元测试的基础知识。http://xunitpatterns.com/XUnitBasics.html

测试驱动开发在某种程度上取代了单元测试这个术语。作为一个老手，我会提到它的更一般的定义。

单元测试还意味着测试一个较大系统中的单个组件。这个组件可以是dll、exe、类库等。它甚至可以是多系统应用程序中的单个系统。因此，单元测试最终是对一个更大系统的单个部分进行测试。

然后，您可以通过测试所有组件如何一起工作来进行集成测试或系统测试。

这回答了为什么您应该进行单元测试。

下面的三个视频涵盖了javascript中的单元测试，但一般原则适用于大多数语言。

单元测试:现在的几分钟将节省几小时后- Eric Mann - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UmmaPe8Bzc

JS单元测试(非常好)- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IYqgx8JxlU

编写可测试的JavaScript - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzjogCFO4Zo

Now I'm just learning about the subject so I may not be 100% correct and there's more to it than what I'm describing here but my basic understanding of unit testing is that you write some test code (which is kept separate from your main code) that calls a function in your main code with input (arguments) that the function requires and the code then checks if it gets back a valid return value. If it does get back a valid value the unit testing framework that you're using to run the tests shows a green light (all good) if the value is invalid you get a red light and you then can fix the problem straight away before you release the new code to production, without testing you may actually not have caught the error.

So you write tests for you current code and create the code so that it passes the test. Months later you or someone else need to modify the function in your main code, because earlier you had already written test code for that function you now run again and the test may fail because the coder introduced a logic error in the function or return something completely different than what that function is supposed to return. Again without the test in place that error might be hard to track down as it can possibly affect other code as well and will go unnoticed.

Also the fact that you have a computer program that runs through your code and tests it instead of you manually doing it in the browser page by page saves time (unit testing for javascript). Let's say that you modify a function that is used by some script on a web page and it works all well and good for its new intended purpose. But, let's also say for arguments sake that there is another function you have somewhere else in your code that depends on that newly modified function for it to operate properly. This dependent function may now stop working because of the changes that you've made to the first function, however without tests in place that are run automatically by your computer you will not notice that there's a problem with that function until it is actually executed and you'll have to manually navigate to a web page that includes the script which executes the dependent function, only then you notice that there's a bug because of the change that you made to the first function.

重申一下，在开发应用程序时运行测试将在编写代码时发现这类问题。如果没有适当的测试，你必须手动检查整个应用程序，即使这样也很难发现错误，你天真地将其发送到生产环境中，一段时间后，好心的用户会给你发送错误报告(这不会像你在测试框架中的错误消息那样好)。

It's quite confusing when you first hear of the subject and you think to yourself, am I not already testing my code? And the code that you've written is working like it is supposed to already, "why do I need another framework?"... Yes you are already testing your code but a computer is better at doing it. You just have to write good enough tests for a function/unit of code once and the rest is taken care of for you by the mighty cpu instead of you having to manually check that all of your code is still working when you make a change to your code.

此外，如果你不想进行单元测试，你也不必进行单元测试，但随着你的项目/代码库开始变得越来越大，引入错误的可能性也在增加，这是值得的。

单元测试，粗略地说，就是在与测试代码隔离的情况下测试代码。我想到的直接优势是:

测试的运行变得自动化和可重复 您可以在更细粒度的级别上进行测试，而不是通过GUI进行点击测试

请注意，如果您的测试代码写入文件、打开数据库连接或在网络上执行某些操作，则更适合将其归类为集成测试。集成测试是一件好事，但不应将其与单元测试混淆。单元测试代码应该简短、简单且易于执行。

另一种看待单元测试的方法是先编写测试。这被称为测试驱动开发(简称TDD)。TDD带来了额外的优势:

您不需要编写推测性的“我将来可能需要这个”代码——只要能够通过测试即可 您编写的代码总是会被测试覆盖 通过先编写测试，您不得不考虑如何调用代码，从长远来看，这通常会改善代码的设计。

如果你现在还没有做单元测试，我建议你现在就开始做。找一本好书，实际上任何xUnit-book都可以，因为它们之间的概念可以很好地转换。

有时编写单元测试会很痛苦。当出现这种情况时，试着找个人来帮助你，并抵制住“只写该死的代码”的诱惑。单元测试很像洗碗。这并不总是令人愉快的，但它让你的比喻厨房保持干净，而你真的希望它干净。：）

编辑:我想到了一个误解，虽然我不确定它是否普遍。我曾听一个项目经理说过，单元测试让团队把所有的代码都写了两次。如果它看起来和感觉是那样的，那么，你做错了。编写测试通常不仅可以加快开发速度，而且还为您提供了一个方便的“现在我完成了”指示器，否则您就不会有这个指示器。

我在FoxForward 2007参加了一个关于单元测试的演讲，被告知永远不要对任何与数据相关的东西进行单元测试。毕竟，如果您在实时数据上进行测试，结果是不可预测的，如果您不在实时数据上进行测试，那么实际上并不是在测试您所编写的代码。不幸的是，这是我最近编写的大部分代码。: -)

最近，当我编写一个保存和恢复设置的例程时，我确实尝试了TDD。首先，我验证了是否可以创建存储对象。然后，它有我需要调用的方法。然后，我可以称之为。然后，我可以给它传递参数。然后，我可以给它传递特定的参数。依此类推，直到我最终验证它将保存指定的设置，允许我更改它，然后为几种不同的语法恢复它。

我没看完，因为我现在需要例行公事，但这是一个很好的练习。