如何在c++中转换大端值和小端值?
为了清晰起见,我必须将二进制数据(双精度浮点值以及32位和64位整数)从一个CPU架构转换到另一个CPU架构。这并不涉及网络,因此ntoh()和类似的函数在这里不能工作。
注意:我接受的答案直接适用于我的目标编译器(这就是我选择它的原因)。然而,这里还有其他非常好的、更方便的答案。
如何在c++中转换大端值和小端值?
为了清晰起见,我必须将二进制数据(双精度浮点值以及32位和64位整数)从一个CPU架构转换到另一个CPU架构。这并不涉及网络,因此ntoh()和类似的函数在这里不能工作。
注意:我接受的答案直接适用于我的目标编译器(这就是我选择它的原因)。然而,这里还有其他非常好的、更方便的答案。
当前回答
我有这个代码,允许我从HOST_ENDIAN_ORDER(无论它是什么)转换为LITTLE_ENDIAN_ORDER或BIG_ENDIAN_ORDER。我使用一个模板,所以如果我试图从HOST_ENDIAN_ORDER转换为LITTLE_ENDIAN_ORDER,他们恰好是相同的机器为我编译,不会生成任何代码。
下面是带有注释的代码:
// We define some constant for little, big and host endianess. Here I use
// BOOST_LITTLE_ENDIAN/BOOST_BIG_ENDIAN to check the host indianess. If you
// don't want to use boost you will have to modify this part a bit.
enum EEndian
{
LITTLE_ENDIAN_ORDER,
BIG_ENDIAN_ORDER,
#if defined(BOOST_LITTLE_ENDIAN)
HOST_ENDIAN_ORDER = LITTLE_ENDIAN_ORDER
#elif defined(BOOST_BIG_ENDIAN)
HOST_ENDIAN_ORDER = BIG_ENDIAN_ORDER
#else
#error "Impossible de determiner l'indianness du systeme cible."
#endif
};
// this function swap the bytes of values given it's size as a template
// parameter (could sizeof be used?).
template <class T, unsigned int size>
inline T SwapBytes(T value)
{
union
{
T value;
char bytes[size];
} in, out;
in.value = value;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < size / 2; ++i)
{
out.bytes[i] = in.bytes[size - 1 - i];
out.bytes[size - 1 - i] = in.bytes[i];
}
return out.value;
}
// Here is the function you will use. Again there is two compile-time assertion
// that use the boost librarie. You could probably comment them out, but if you
// do be cautious not to use this function for anything else than integers
// types. This function need to be calles like this :
//
// int x = someValue;
// int i = EndianSwapBytes<HOST_ENDIAN_ORDER, BIG_ENDIAN_ORDER>(x);
//
template<EEndian from, EEndian to, class T>
inline T EndianSwapBytes(T value)
{
// A : La donnée à swapper à une taille de 2, 4 ou 8 octets
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(T) == 2 || sizeof(T) == 4 || sizeof(T) == 8);
// A : La donnée à swapper est d'un type arithmetic
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(boost::is_arithmetic<T>::value);
// Si from et to sont du même type on ne swap pas.
if (from == to)
return value;
return SwapBytes<T, sizeof(T)>(value);
}
其他回答
我只是想在这里添加我自己的解,因为我在任何地方都没有看到它。它是一个小而可移植的c++模板函数,并且只使用比特操作。
template<typename T> inline static T swapByteOrder(const T& val) {
int totalBytes = sizeof(val);
T swapped = (T) 0;
for (int i = 0; i < totalBytes; ++i) {
swapped |= (val >> (8*(totalBytes-i-1)) & 0xFF) << (8*i);
}
return swapped;
}
如果你有c++ 17,那么添加这个头文件
#include <algorithm>
使用这个模板函数交换字节:
template <typename T>
void swapEndian(T& buffer)
{
static_assert(std::is_pod<T>::value, "swapEndian support POD type only");
char* startIndex = static_cast<char*>((void*)buffer.data());
char* endIndex = startIndex + sizeof(buffer);
std::reverse(startIndex, endIndex);
}
这样称呼它:
swapEndian (stlContainer);
认真……我不明白为什么所有的解决方案都那么复杂!最简单、最通用的模板函数如何?它可以在任何操作系统的任何情况下交换任何大小的任何类型????
template <typename T>
void SwapEnd(T& var)
{
static_assert(std::is_pod<T>::value, "Type must be POD type for safety");
std::array<char, sizeof(T)> varArray;
std::memcpy(varArray.data(), &var, sizeof(T));
for(int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(sizeof(var)/2); i++)
std::swap(varArray[sizeof(var) - 1 - i],varArray[i]);
std::memcpy(&var, varArray.data(), sizeof(T));
}
这是C和c++结合的神奇力量!只需逐个字符交换原始变量。
要点1:没有操作符:请记住,我没有使用简单的赋值操作符“=”,因为当反转字节序时,一些对象将被打乱,复制构造函数(或赋值操作符)将不起作用。因此,一个字符一个字符地复制它们更加可靠。
Point 2: Be aware of alignment issues: Notice that we're copying to and from an array, which is the right thing to do because the C++ compiler doesn't guarantee that we can access unaligned memory (this answer was updated from its original form for this). For example, if you allocate uint64_t, your compiler cannot guarantee that you can access the 3rd byte of that as a uint8_t. Therefore, the right thing to do is to copy this to a char array, swap it, then copy it back (so no reinterpret_cast). Notice that compilers are mostly smart enough to convert what you did back to a reinterpret_cast if they're capable of accessing individual bytes regardless of alignment.
使用此函数:
double x = 5;
SwapEnd(x);
现在x的字节序不同了。
我喜欢这个,只是为了风格:-)
long swap(long i) {
char *c = (char *) &i;
return * (long *) (char[]) {c[3], c[2], c[1], c[0] };
}
我从这篇文章中得到了一些建议,并把它们放在一起形成了这个:
#include <boost/type_traits.hpp>
#include <boost/static_assert.hpp>
#include <boost/detail/endian.hpp>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <cstdint>
enum endianness
{
little_endian,
big_endian,
network_endian = big_endian,
#if defined(BOOST_LITTLE_ENDIAN)
host_endian = little_endian
#elif defined(BOOST_BIG_ENDIAN)
host_endian = big_endian
#else
#error "unable to determine system endianness"
#endif
};
namespace detail {
template<typename T, size_t sz>
struct swap_bytes
{
inline T operator()(T val)
{
throw std::out_of_range("data size");
}
};
template<typename T>
struct swap_bytes<T, 1>
{
inline T operator()(T val)
{
return val;
}
};
template<typename T>
struct swap_bytes<T, 2>
{
inline T operator()(T val)
{
return ((((val) >> 8) & 0xff) | (((val) & 0xff) << 8));
}
};
template<typename T>
struct swap_bytes<T, 4>
{
inline T operator()(T val)
{
return ((((val) & 0xff000000) >> 24) |
(((val) & 0x00ff0000) >> 8) |
(((val) & 0x0000ff00) << 8) |
(((val) & 0x000000ff) << 24));
}
};
template<>
struct swap_bytes<float, 4>
{
inline float operator()(float val)
{
uint32_t mem =swap_bytes<uint32_t, sizeof(uint32_t)>()(*(uint32_t*)&val);
return *(float*)&mem;
}
};
template<typename T>
struct swap_bytes<T, 8>
{
inline T operator()(T val)
{
return ((((val) & 0xff00000000000000ull) >> 56) |
(((val) & 0x00ff000000000000ull) >> 40) |
(((val) & 0x0000ff0000000000ull) >> 24) |
(((val) & 0x000000ff00000000ull) >> 8 ) |
(((val) & 0x00000000ff000000ull) << 8 ) |
(((val) & 0x0000000000ff0000ull) << 24) |
(((val) & 0x000000000000ff00ull) << 40) |
(((val) & 0x00000000000000ffull) << 56));
}
};
template<>
struct swap_bytes<double, 8>
{
inline double operator()(double val)
{
uint64_t mem =swap_bytes<uint64_t, sizeof(uint64_t)>()(*(uint64_t*)&val);
return *(double*)&mem;
}
};
template<endianness from, endianness to, class T>
struct do_byte_swap
{
inline T operator()(T value)
{
return swap_bytes<T, sizeof(T)>()(value);
}
};
// specialisations when attempting to swap to the same endianess
template<class T> struct do_byte_swap<little_endian, little_endian, T> { inline T operator()(T value) { return value; } };
template<class T> struct do_byte_swap<big_endian, big_endian, T> { inline T operator()(T value) { return value; } };
} // namespace detail
template<endianness from, endianness to, class T>
inline T byte_swap(T value)
{
// ensure the data is only 1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(T) == 1 || sizeof(T) == 2 || sizeof(T) == 4 || sizeof(T) == 8);
// ensure we're only swapping arithmetic types
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(boost::is_arithmetic<T>::value);
return detail::do_byte_swap<from, to, T>()(value);
}
然后你可以这样使用它:
// swaps val from host-byte-order to network-byte-order
auto swapped = byte_swap<host_endian, network_endian>(val);
反之亦然
// swap a value received from the network into host-byte-order
auto val = byte_swap<network_endian, host_endian>(val_from_network);