假设字符串a和b:
a += b
a = a.concat(b)
在引擎盖下,它们是一样的吗?
这里是concat反编译作为参考。我希望能够反编译+操作符以及看看它做什么。
public String concat(String s) {
int i = s.length();
if (i == 0) {
return this;
}
else {
char ac[] = new char[count + i];
getChars(0, count, ac, 0);
s.getChars(0, i, ac, count);
return new String(0, count + i, ac);
}
}
这里的大多数答案都来自2008年。随着时间的推移,情况似乎发生了变化。我最近用JMH做的基准测试显示,在Java 8 +上比concat快两倍左右。
我的基准:
@Warmup(iterations = 5, time = 200, timeUnit = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
@Measurement(iterations = 5, time = 200, timeUnit = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
public class StringConcatenation {
@org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State(Scope.Thread)
public static class State2 {
public String a = "abc";
public String b = "xyz";
}
@org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State(Scope.Thread)
public static class State3 {
public String a = "abc";
public String b = "xyz";
public String c = "123";
}
@org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State(Scope.Thread)
public static class State4 {
public String a = "abc";
public String b = "xyz";
public String c = "123";
public String d = "!@#";
}
@Benchmark
public void plus_2(State2 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(state.a+state.b);
}
@Benchmark
public void plus_3(State3 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(state.a+state.b+state.c);
}
@Benchmark
public void plus_4(State4 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(state.a+state.b+state.c+state.d);
}
@Benchmark
public void stringbuilder_2(State2 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(new StringBuilder().append(state.a).append(state.b).toString());
}
@Benchmark
public void stringbuilder_3(State3 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(new StringBuilder().append(state.a).append(state.b).append(state.c).toString());
}
@Benchmark
public void stringbuilder_4(State4 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(new StringBuilder().append(state.a).append(state.b).append(state.c).append(state.d).toString());
}
@Benchmark
public void concat_2(State2 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(state.a.concat(state.b));
}
@Benchmark
public void concat_3(State3 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(state.a.concat(state.b.concat(state.c)));
}
@Benchmark
public void concat_4(State4 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(state.a.concat(state.b.concat(state.c.concat(state.d))));
}
}
结果:
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
StringConcatenation.concat_2 thrpt 50 24908871.258 ± 1011269.986 ops/s
StringConcatenation.concat_3 thrpt 50 14228193.918 ± 466892.616 ops/s
StringConcatenation.concat_4 thrpt 50 9845069.776 ± 350532.591 ops/s
StringConcatenation.plus_2 thrpt 50 38999662.292 ± 8107397.316 ops/s
StringConcatenation.plus_3 thrpt 50 34985722.222 ± 5442660.250 ops/s
StringConcatenation.plus_4 thrpt 50 31910376.337 ± 2861001.162 ops/s
StringConcatenation.stringbuilder_2 thrpt 50 40472888.230 ± 9011210.632 ops/s
StringConcatenation.stringbuilder_3 thrpt 50 33902151.616 ± 5449026.680 ops/s
StringConcatenation.stringbuilder_4 thrpt 50 29220479.267 ± 3435315.681 ops/s
这里的大多数答案都来自2008年。随着时间的推移,情况似乎发生了变化。我最近用JMH做的基准测试显示,在Java 8 +上比concat快两倍左右。
我的基准:
@Warmup(iterations = 5, time = 200, timeUnit = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
@Measurement(iterations = 5, time = 200, timeUnit = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
public class StringConcatenation {
@org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State(Scope.Thread)
public static class State2 {
public String a = "abc";
public String b = "xyz";
}
@org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State(Scope.Thread)
public static class State3 {
public String a = "abc";
public String b = "xyz";
public String c = "123";
}
@org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State(Scope.Thread)
public static class State4 {
public String a = "abc";
public String b = "xyz";
public String c = "123";
public String d = "!@#";
}
@Benchmark
public void plus_2(State2 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(state.a+state.b);
}
@Benchmark
public void plus_3(State3 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(state.a+state.b+state.c);
}
@Benchmark
public void plus_4(State4 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(state.a+state.b+state.c+state.d);
}
@Benchmark
public void stringbuilder_2(State2 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(new StringBuilder().append(state.a).append(state.b).toString());
}
@Benchmark
public void stringbuilder_3(State3 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(new StringBuilder().append(state.a).append(state.b).append(state.c).toString());
}
@Benchmark
public void stringbuilder_4(State4 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(new StringBuilder().append(state.a).append(state.b).append(state.c).append(state.d).toString());
}
@Benchmark
public void concat_2(State2 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(state.a.concat(state.b));
}
@Benchmark
public void concat_3(State3 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(state.a.concat(state.b.concat(state.c)));
}
@Benchmark
public void concat_4(State4 state, Blackhole blackhole) {
blackhole.consume(state.a.concat(state.b.concat(state.c.concat(state.d))));
}
}
结果:
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
StringConcatenation.concat_2 thrpt 50 24908871.258 ± 1011269.986 ops/s
StringConcatenation.concat_3 thrpt 50 14228193.918 ± 466892.616 ops/s
StringConcatenation.concat_4 thrpt 50 9845069.776 ± 350532.591 ops/s
StringConcatenation.plus_2 thrpt 50 38999662.292 ± 8107397.316 ops/s
StringConcatenation.plus_3 thrpt 50 34985722.222 ± 5442660.250 ops/s
StringConcatenation.plus_4 thrpt 50 31910376.337 ± 2861001.162 ops/s
StringConcatenation.stringbuilder_2 thrpt 50 40472888.230 ± 9011210.632 ops/s
StringConcatenation.stringbuilder_3 thrpt 50 33902151.616 ± 5449026.680 ops/s
StringConcatenation.stringbuilder_4 thrpt 50 29220479.267 ± 3435315.681 ops/s
我运行了类似于@marcio的测试,但使用了以下循环:
String c = a;
for (long i = 0; i < 100000L; i++) {
c = c.concat(b); // make sure javac cannot skip the loop
// using c += b for the alternative
}
为了更好的度量,我还添加了StringBuilder.append()。每个测试运行10次,每次运行100,000次。以下是调查结果:
StringBuilder轻松获胜。大多数运行的时钟时间结果为0,最长的运行时间为16毫秒。
A += b每次运行大约需要40000ms (40s)。
Concat每次运行只需要10000ms (10s)。
我还没有反编译类来查看内部结构或通过分析器运行它,但我怀疑a += b花了很多时间来创建StringBuilder的新对象,然后将它们转换回String。