我只是想知道在Apache Spark中RDD和DataFrame (Spark 2.0.0 DataFrame只是数据集[行]的类型别名)之间的区别是什么?

你能把一个转换成另一个吗?


当前回答

因为DataFrame是弱类型的,开发人员没有得到类型系统的好处。例如,假设你想从SQL中读取一些东西,并对其运行一些聚合:

val people = sqlContext.read.parquet("...")
val department = sqlContext.read.parquet("...")

people.filter("age > 30")
  .join(department, people("deptId") === department("id"))
  .groupBy(department("name"), "gender")
  .agg(avg(people("salary")), max(people("age")))

当你说people("deptId")时,你得到的不是Int或Long对象,你得到的是你需要操作的Column对象。在具有丰富类型系统的语言(如Scala)中,您最终失去了所有类型安全,这增加了在编译时可以发现的运行时错误的数量。

相反,输入数据集[T]。当你这样做时:

val people: People = val people = sqlContext.read.parquet("...").as[People]

您实际上得到了一个People对象,其中deptId是一个实际的整型而不是列型,从而利用了类型系统。

从Spark 2.0开始,DataFrame和DataSet api将是统一的,其中DataFrame将是DataSet[Row]的类型别名。

其他回答

Dataframe是Row对象的RDD,每个对象代表一条记录。一个 Dataframe还知道它的行的模式(即数据字段)。虽然Dataframes 看起来像常规的rdd,它们内部以更有效的方式存储数据,利用它们的模式。此外,它们还提供了rdd上不可用的新操作,例如运行SQL查询的能力。数据帧可以从外部数据源、查询结果或常规rdd中创建。

参考文献:Zaharia M., et al。学习火花(O'Reilly, 2015)

Spark RDD(弹性分布式数据集):

RDD is the core data abstraction API and is available since very first release of Spark (Spark 1.0). It is a lower-level API for manipulating distributed collection of data. The RDD APIs exposes some extremely useful methods which can be used to get very tight control over underlying physical data structure. It is an immutable (read only) collection of partitioned data distributed on different machines. RDD enables in-memory computation on large clusters to speed up big data processing in a fault tolerant manner. To enable fault tolerance, RDD uses DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) which consists of a set of vertices and edges. The vertices and edges in DAG represent the RDD and the operation to be applied on that RDD respectively. The transformations defined on RDD are lazy and executes only when an action is called

Spark DataFrame

Spark 1.3 introduced two new data abstraction APIs – DataFrame and DataSet. The DataFrame APIs organizes the data into named columns like a table in relational database. It enables programmers to define schema on a distributed collection of data. Each row in a DataFrame is of object type row. Like an SQL table, each column must have same number of rows in a DataFrame. In short, DataFrame is lazily evaluated plan which specifies the operations needs to be performed on the distributed collection of the data. DataFrame is also an immutable collection.

Spark数据集:

作为DataFrame api的扩展,Spark 1.3还引入了DataSet api,在Spark中提供严格类型和面向对象的编程接口。它是不可变的、类型安全的分布式数据集合。像DataFrame一样,DataSet APIs也使用Catalyst引擎来实现执行优化。DataSet是DataFrame api的扩展。

〇其他差异

一个。 RDD (Spark1.0) —> Dataframe(Spark1.3) —> Dataset(Spark1.6)

b. RDD让我们决定如何做,这限制了Spark在底层处理上的优化。dataframe/dataset让我们决定我们想做什么,并把一切都留给Spark来决定如何进行计算。

作为内存中的jvm对象,RDD涉及到垃圾收集和Java(或稍微好一点的Kryo)序列化的开销,当数据增长时,这些开销是昂贵的。这会降低性能。

数据帧比rdd提供了巨大的性能提升,因为它有2个强大的特性:

自定义内存管理(又名Project Tungsten) 优化的执行计划(又名Catalyst Optimizer) RDD ->数据帧->数据集

d.数据集(Project Tungsten和Catalyst Optimizer)如何在数据帧上得分是它拥有的另一个功能:编码器

因为DataFrame是弱类型的,开发人员没有得到类型系统的好处。例如,假设你想从SQL中读取一些东西,并对其运行一些聚合:

val people = sqlContext.read.parquet("...")
val department = sqlContext.read.parquet("...")

people.filter("age > 30")
  .join(department, people("deptId") === department("id"))
  .groupBy(department("name"), "gender")
  .agg(avg(people("salary")), max(people("age")))

当你说people("deptId")时,你得到的不是Int或Long对象,你得到的是你需要操作的Column对象。在具有丰富类型系统的语言(如Scala)中,您最终失去了所有类型安全,这增加了在编译时可以发现的运行时错误的数量。

相反,输入数据集[T]。当你这样做时:

val people: People = val people = sqlContext.read.parquet("...").as[People]

您实际上得到了一个People对象,其中deptId是一个实际的整型而不是列型,从而利用了类型系统。

从Spark 2.0开始,DataFrame和DataSet api将是统一的,其中DataFrame将是DataSet[Row]的类型别名。

A DataFrame is an RDD that has a schema. You can think of it as a relational database table, in that each column has a name and a known type. The power of DataFrames comes from the fact that, when you create a DataFrame from a structured dataset (Json, Parquet..), Spark is able to infer a schema by making a pass over the entire (Json, Parquet..) dataset that's being loaded. Then, when calculating the execution plan, Spark, can use the schema and do substantially better computation optimizations. Note that DataFrame was called SchemaRDD before Spark v1.3.0