下面是一些setdefault的例子来展示它的有用性:

"""
d = {}
# To add a key->value pair, do the following:
d.setdefault(key, []).append(value)

# To retrieve a list of the values for a key
list_of_values = d[key]

# To remove a key->value pair is still easy, if
# you don't mind leaving empty lists behind when
# the last value for a given key is removed:
d[key].remove(value)

# Despite the empty lists, it's still possible to 
# test for the existance of values easily:
if d.has_key(key) and d[key]:
    pass # d has some values for key

# Note: Each value can exist multiple times!
"""
e = {}
print e
e.setdefault('Cars', []).append('Toyota')
print e
e.setdefault('Motorcycles', []).append('Yamaha')
print e
e.setdefault('Airplanes', []).append('Boeing')
print e
e.setdefault('Cars', []).append('Honda')
print e
e.setdefault('Cars', []).append('BMW')
print e
e.setdefault('Cars', []).append('Toyota')
print e

# NOTE: now e['Cars'] == ['Toyota', 'Honda', 'BMW', 'Toyota']
e['Cars'].remove('Toyota')
print e
# NOTE: it's still true that ('Toyota' in e['Cars'])

你可以说defaultdict用于在填充dict之前设置默认值，而setdefault用于在填充dict期间或之后设置默认值。

可能是最常见的用例:对项进行分组(在未排序的数据中，否则使用itertools.groupby)

# really verbose
new = {}
for (key, value) in data:
    if key in new:
        new[key].append( value )
    else:
        new[key] = [value]


# easy with setdefault
new = {}
for (key, value) in data:
    group = new.setdefault(key, []) # key might exist already
    group.append( value )


# even simpler with defaultdict 
from collections import defaultdict
new = defaultdict(list)
for (key, value) in data:
    new[key].append( value ) # all keys have a default already

有时您希望在创建字典后确保特定的键存在。Defaultdict在这种情况下不起作用，因为它只在显式访问上创建键。假设你使用一些带有许多头的HTTP-ish——有些是可选的，但你想要它们的默认值:

headers = parse_headers( msg ) # parse the message, get a dict
# now add all the optional headers
for headername, defaultvalue in optional_headers:
    headers.setdefault( headername, defaultvalue )

[编辑]大错特错!setdefault总是会触发long_computation，因为Python很急切。

扩展塔特尔的答案。对我来说，最好的用例是缓存机制。而不是:

if x not in memo:
   memo[x]=long_computation(x)
return memo[x]

这需要3行和2到3次查找，我很乐意这样写:

return memo.setdefault(x, long_computation(x))

我刚刚偶然发现了一个非常重要的用例:dict.setdefault()对于只想要单个规范对象(而不是恰好相等的多个对象)的多线程代码非常有用。

例如，Python 3.6.0中的(Int)标志Enum有一个错误:如果多个线程在竞争一个复合(Int)标志成员，最终可能会有多个:

from enum import IntFlag, auto
import threading

class TestFlag(IntFlag):
    one = auto()
    two = auto()
    three = auto()
    four = auto()
    five = auto()
    six = auto()
    seven = auto()
    eight = auto()

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self is other

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.value)

seen = set()

class cycle_enum(threading.Thread):
    def run(self):
        for i in range(256):
            seen.add(TestFlag(i))

threads = []
for i in range(8):
    threads.append(cycle_enum())

for t in threads:
    t.start()

for t in threads:
    t.join()

len(seen)
# 272  (should be 256)

解决方案是使用setdefault()作为保存计算的组合成员的最后一步——如果已经保存了另一个成员，则使用它而不是新成员，从而保证唯一的Enum成员。

从理论上讲，如果您有时想设置默认值，有时不想设置默认值，那么setdefault仍然很方便。在现实生活中，我还没有遇到过这样的用例。

然而，一个有趣的用例来自标准库(Python 2.6， _threadinglocal.py):

>>> mydata = local()
>>> mydata.__dict__
{'number': 42}
>>> mydata.__dict__.setdefault('widgets', [])
[]
>>> mydata.widgets
[]

我会说使用__dict__。Setdefault是一个非常有用的例子。

编辑:碰巧，这是标准库中唯一的示例，并且它在注释中。因此，它可能不足以证明setdefault的存在。不过，这里有一个解释:

Objects store their attributes in the __dict__ attribute. As it happens, the __dict__ attribute is writeable at any time after the object creation. It is also a dictionary not a defaultdict. It is not sensible for objects in the general case to have __dict__ as a defaultdict because that would make each object having all legal identifiers as attributes. So I can't foresee any change to Python objects getting rid of __dict__.setdefault, apart from deleting it altogether if it was deemed not useful.

setdefault()的不同用例是当您不想覆盖已经设置的键的值时。Defaultdict会覆盖，而setdefault()不会。对于嵌套字典，更常见的情况是，只有在键尚未设置时才设置默认值，因为您不想删除当前子字典。这就是使用setdefault()的时候。

使用defaultdict的示例:

>>> from collection import defaultdict()
>>> foo = defaultdict()
>>> foo['a'] = 4
>>> foo['a'] = 2
>>> print(foo)
defaultdict(None, {'a': 2})

Setdefault不会覆盖:

>>> bar = dict()
>>> bar.setdefault('a', 4)
>>> bar.setdefault('a', 2)
>>> print(bar)
{'a': 4}