下面是一些setdefault的例子来展示它的有用性:

"""
d = {}
# To add a key->value pair, do the following:
d.setdefault(key, []).append(value)

# To retrieve a list of the values for a key
list_of_values = d[key]

# To remove a key->value pair is still easy, if
# you don't mind leaving empty lists behind when
# the last value for a given key is removed:
d[key].remove(value)

# Despite the empty lists, it's still possible to 
# test for the existance of values easily:
if d.has_key(key) and d[key]:
    pass # d has some values for key

# Note: Each value can exist multiple times!
"""
e = {}
print e
e.setdefault('Cars', []).append('Toyota')
print e
e.setdefault('Motorcycles', []).append('Yamaha')
print e
e.setdefault('Airplanes', []).append('Boeing')
print e
e.setdefault('Cars', []).append('Honda')
print e
e.setdefault('Cars', []).append('BMW')
print e
e.setdefault('Cars', []).append('Toyota')
print e

# NOTE: now e['Cars'] == ['Toyota', 'Honda', 'BMW', 'Toyota']
e['Cars'].remove('Toyota')
print e
# NOTE: it's still true that ('Toyota' in e['Cars'])

在CPython中setdefault的另一个用例是，它在所有情况下都是原子的，而defaultdict将不是原子的，如果你使用从lambda创建的默认值。

cache = {}

def get_user_roles(user_id):
    if user_id in cache:
        return cache[user_id]['roles']

    cache.setdefault(user_id, {'lock': threading.Lock()})

    with cache[user_id]['lock']:
        roles = query_roles_from_database(user_id)
        cache[user_id]['roles'] = roles

如果两个线程执行缓存。同时设置default，它们中只有一个能够创建默认值。

如果你使用defaultdict:

cache = defaultdict(lambda: {'lock': threading.Lock()}

这将导致竞态条件。在我上面的例子中，第一个线程可以创建一个默认锁，第二个线程可以创建另一个默认锁，然后每个线程可以锁定自己的默认锁，而不是每个线程试图锁定单个锁的预期结果。

从概念上讲，setdefault的基本行为是这样的(如果你使用空列表、空dict、int或其他不是用户python代码(如lambda)的默认值，defaultdict也会这样表现):

gil = threading.Lock()

def setdefault(dict, key, value_func):
    with gil:
        if key not in dict:
            return
       
        value = value_func()

        dict[key] = value

从概念上讲，defaultdict的基本行为是这样的(只有在使用lambda这样的python代码时-如果使用空列表则不是这样):

gil = threading.Lock()

def __setitem__(dict, key, value_func):
    with gil:
        if key not in dict:
            return

    value = value_func()

    with gil:
        dict[key] = value

从理论上讲，如果您有时想设置默认值，有时不想设置默认值，那么setdefault仍然很方便。在现实生活中，我还没有遇到过这样的用例。

然而，一个有趣的用例来自标准库(Python 2.6， _threadinglocal.py):

>>> mydata = local()
>>> mydata.__dict__
{'number': 42}
>>> mydata.__dict__.setdefault('widgets', [])
[]
>>> mydata.widgets
[]

我会说使用__dict__。Setdefault是一个非常有用的例子。

编辑:碰巧，这是标准库中唯一的示例，并且它在注释中。因此，它可能不足以证明setdefault的存在。不过，这里有一个解释:

Objects store their attributes in the __dict__ attribute. As it happens, the __dict__ attribute is writeable at any time after the object creation. It is also a dictionary not a defaultdict. It is not sensible for objects in the general case to have __dict__ as a defaultdict because that would make each object having all legal identifiers as attributes. So I can't foresee any change to Python objects getting rid of __dict__.setdefault, apart from deleting it altogether if it was deemed not useful.

你可以说defaultdict用于在填充dict之前设置默认值，而setdefault用于在填充dict期间或之后设置默认值。

可能是最常见的用例:对项进行分组(在未排序的数据中，否则使用itertools.groupby)

# really verbose
new = {}
for (key, value) in data:
    if key in new:
        new[key].append( value )
    else:
        new[key] = [value]


# easy with setdefault
new = {}
for (key, value) in data:
    group = new.setdefault(key, []) # key might exist already
    group.append( value )


# even simpler with defaultdict 
from collections import defaultdict
new = defaultdict(list)
for (key, value) in data:
    new[key].append( value ) # all keys have a default already

有时您希望在创建字典后确保特定的键存在。Defaultdict在这种情况下不起作用，因为它只在显式访问上创建键。假设你使用一些带有许多头的HTTP-ish——有些是可选的，但你想要它们的默认值:

headers = parse_headers( msg ) # parse the message, get a dict
# now add all the optional headers
for headername, defaultvalue in optional_headers:
    headers.setdefault( headername, defaultvalue )

我重写了公认的答案，并为新手提供了方便。

#break it down and understand it intuitively.
new = {}
for (key, value) in data:
    if key not in new:
        new[key] = [] # this is core of setdefault equals to new.setdefault(key, [])
        new[key].append(value)
    else:
        new[key].append(value)


# easy with setdefault
new = {}
for (key, value) in data:
    group = new.setdefault(key, []) # it is new[key] = []
    group.append(value)



# even simpler with defaultdict
new = defaultdict(list)
for (key, value) in data:
    new[key].append(value) # all keys have a default value of empty list []

另外，我将这些方法分类为参考:

dict_methods_11 = {
            'views':['keys', 'values', 'items'],
            'add':['update','setdefault'],
            'remove':['pop', 'popitem','clear'],
            'retrieve':['get',],
            'copy':['copy','fromkeys'],}

setdefault()的不同用例是当您不想覆盖已经设置的键的值时。Defaultdict会覆盖，而setdefault()不会。对于嵌套字典，更常见的情况是，只有在键尚未设置时才设置默认值，因为您不想删除当前子字典。这就是使用setdefault()的时候。

使用defaultdict的示例:

>>> from collection import defaultdict()
>>> foo = defaultdict()
>>> foo['a'] = 4
>>> foo['a'] = 2
>>> print(foo)
defaultdict(None, {'a': 2})

Setdefault不会覆盖:

>>> bar = dict()
>>> bar.setdefault('a', 4)
>>> bar.setdefault('a', 2)
>>> print(bar)
{'a': 4}