下面是一些setdefault的例子来展示它的有用性:

"""
d = {}
# To add a key->value pair, do the following:
d.setdefault(key, []).append(value)

# To retrieve a list of the values for a key
list_of_values = d[key]

# To remove a key->value pair is still easy, if
# you don't mind leaving empty lists behind when
# the last value for a given key is removed:
d[key].remove(value)

# Despite the empty lists, it's still possible to 
# test for the existance of values easily:
if d.has_key(key) and d[key]:
    pass # d has some values for key

# Note: Each value can exist multiple times!
"""
e = {}
print e
e.setdefault('Cars', []).append('Toyota')
print e
e.setdefault('Motorcycles', []).append('Yamaha')
print e
e.setdefault('Airplanes', []).append('Boeing')
print e
e.setdefault('Cars', []).append('Honda')
print e
e.setdefault('Cars', []).append('BMW')
print e
e.setdefault('Cars', []).append('Toyota')
print e

# NOTE: now e['Cars'] == ['Toyota', 'Honda', 'BMW', 'Toyota']
e['Cars'].remove('Toyota')
print e
# NOTE: it's still true that ('Toyota' in e['Cars'])

我重写了公认的答案，并为新手提供了方便。

#break it down and understand it intuitively.
new = {}
for (key, value) in data:
    if key not in new:
        new[key] = [] # this is core of setdefault equals to new.setdefault(key, [])
        new[key].append(value)
    else:
        new[key].append(value)


# easy with setdefault
new = {}
for (key, value) in data:
    group = new.setdefault(key, []) # it is new[key] = []
    group.append(value)



# even simpler with defaultdict
new = defaultdict(list)
for (key, value) in data:
    new[key].append(value) # all keys have a default value of empty list []

另外，我将这些方法分类为参考:

dict_methods_11 = {
            'views':['keys', 'values', 'items'],
            'add':['update','setdefault'],
            'remove':['pop', 'popitem','clear'],
            'retrieve':['get',],
            'copy':['copy','fromkeys'],}

[编辑]大错特错!setdefault总是会触发long_computation，因为Python很急切。

扩展塔特尔的答案。对我来说，最好的用例是缓存机制。而不是:

if x not in memo:
   memo[x]=long_computation(x)
return memo[x]

这需要3行和2到3次查找，我很乐意这样写:

return memo.setdefault(x, long_computation(x))

从理论上讲，如果您有时想设置默认值，有时不想设置默认值，那么setdefault仍然很方便。在现实生活中，我还没有遇到过这样的用例。

然而，一个有趣的用例来自标准库(Python 2.6， _threadinglocal.py):

>>> mydata = local()
>>> mydata.__dict__
{'number': 42}
>>> mydata.__dict__.setdefault('widgets', [])
[]
>>> mydata.widgets
[]

我会说使用__dict__。Setdefault是一个非常有用的例子。

编辑:碰巧，这是标准库中唯一的示例，并且它在注释中。因此，它可能不足以证明setdefault的存在。不过，这里有一个解释:

Objects store their attributes in the __dict__ attribute. As it happens, the __dict__ attribute is writeable at any time after the object creation. It is also a dictionary not a defaultdict. It is not sensible for objects in the general case to have __dict__ as a defaultdict because that would make each object having all legal identifiers as attributes. So I can't foresee any change to Python objects getting rid of __dict__.setdefault, apart from deleting it altogether if it was deemed not useful.

Defaultdict在默认值是静态时很好，就像一个新列表，但如果它是动态的，就不那么好了。

例如，我需要一个字典来映射字符串到唯一的整数。Defaultdict (int)将始终使用0作为默认值。同样，defaultdict(intGen())总是生成1。

相反，我用了一个普通的词典:

nextID = intGen()
myDict = {}
for lots of complicated stuff:
    #stuff that generates unpredictable, possibly already seen str
    strID = myDict.setdefault(myStr, nextID())

注意这个词典。get(key, nextID())是不够的，因为我需要能够在以后引用这些值。

intGen是我构建的一个小类，它自动递增int并返回它的值:

class intGen:
    def __init__(self):
        self.i = 0

    def __call__(self):
        self.i += 1
    return self.i

如果有人有办法做到这一点与defaultdict，我很乐意看到它。

我喜欢这里给出的答案:

http://stupidpythonideas.blogspot.com/2013/08/defaultdict-vs-setdefault.html

简而言之，决策(在非性能关键型应用程序中)应该基于你想如何处理下游空键的查找(即KeyError与默认值)。