当我想要OrderedDict中的默认值时，我使用setdefault()。没有一个标准的Python集合可以同时做到这两点，但是有一些方法可以实现这样的集合。

你可以说defaultdict用于在填充dict之前设置默认值，而setdefault用于在填充dict期间或之后设置默认值。

可能是最常见的用例:对项进行分组(在未排序的数据中，否则使用itertools.groupby)

# really verbose
new = {}
for (key, value) in data:
    if key in new:
        new[key].append( value )
    else:
        new[key] = [value]


# easy with setdefault
new = {}
for (key, value) in data:
    group = new.setdefault(key, []) # key might exist already
    group.append( value )


# even simpler with defaultdict 
from collections import defaultdict
new = defaultdict(list)
for (key, value) in data:
    new[key].append( value ) # all keys have a default already

有时您希望在创建字典后确保特定的键存在。Defaultdict在这种情况下不起作用，因为它只在显式访问上创建键。假设你使用一些带有许多头的HTTP-ish——有些是可选的，但你想要它们的默认值:

headers = parse_headers( msg ) # parse the message, get a dict
# now add all the optional headers
for headername, defaultvalue in optional_headers:
    headers.setdefault( headername, defaultvalue )

我重写了公认的答案，并为新手提供了方便。

#break it down and understand it intuitively.
new = {}
for (key, value) in data:
    if key not in new:
        new[key] = [] # this is core of setdefault equals to new.setdefault(key, [])
        new[key].append(value)
    else:
        new[key].append(value)


# easy with setdefault
new = {}
for (key, value) in data:
    group = new.setdefault(key, []) # it is new[key] = []
    group.append(value)



# even simpler with defaultdict
new = defaultdict(list)
for (key, value) in data:
    new[key].append(value) # all keys have a default value of empty list []

另外，我将这些方法分类为参考:

dict_methods_11 = {
            'views':['keys', 'values', 'items'],
            'add':['update','setdefault'],
            'remove':['pop', 'popitem','clear'],
            'retrieve':['get',],
            'copy':['copy','fromkeys'],}

我经常使用setdefault，在字典中设置默认值(!!)通常是os。环境字典:

# Set the venv dir if it isn't already overridden:
os.environ.setdefault('VENV_DIR', '/my/default/path')

简单点说，是这样的:

# Set the venv dir if it isn't already overridden:
if 'VENV_DIR' not in os.environ:
    os.environ['VENV_DIR'] = '/my/default/path')

值得注意的是，你也可以使用结果变量:

venv_dir = os.environ.setdefault('VENV_DIR', '/my/default/path')

但与违约之前相比，这已经不那么必要了。

除了上述建议之外，如果您不想修改已经设置的值，setdefault可能会很有用。例如，当你有重复的数字，你想把它们当作一组。在这种情况下，如果遇到已设置的重复键，则不会更新该键的值。您将保留第一次遇到的值。就好像你只迭代/更新重复的键一次。

下面是一个记录排序列表中键/元素索引的代码示例:

nums = [2,2,2,2,2]
d = {}
for idx, num in enumerate(sorted(nums)):
    # This will be updated with the value/index of the of the last repeated key
    # d[num] = idx # Result (sorted_indices): [4, 4, 4, 4, 4]
    # In the case of setdefault, all encountered repeated keys won't update the key.
    # However, only the first encountered key's index will be set 
    d.setdefault(num,idx) # Result (sorted_indices): [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

sorted_indices = [d[i] for i in nums]

下面是一些setdefault的例子来展示它的有用性:

"""
d = {}
# To add a key->value pair, do the following:
d.setdefault(key, []).append(value)

# To retrieve a list of the values for a key
list_of_values = d[key]

# To remove a key->value pair is still easy, if
# you don't mind leaving empty lists behind when
# the last value for a given key is removed:
d[key].remove(value)

# Despite the empty lists, it's still possible to 
# test for the existance of values easily:
if d.has_key(key) and d[key]:
    pass # d has some values for key

# Note: Each value can exist multiple times!
"""
e = {}
print e
e.setdefault('Cars', []).append('Toyota')
print e
e.setdefault('Motorcycles', []).append('Yamaha')
print e
e.setdefault('Airplanes', []).append('Boeing')
print e
e.setdefault('Cars', []).append('Honda')
print e
e.setdefault('Cars', []).append('BMW')
print e
e.setdefault('Cars', []).append('Toyota')
print e

# NOTE: now e['Cars'] == ['Toyota', 'Honda', 'BMW', 'Toyota']
e['Cars'].remove('Toyota')
print e
# NOTE: it's still true that ('Toyota' in e['Cars'])