上面的解决方案都没有完全满足我的要求，即在错误消息的第一部分添加一些信息，即我希望我的用户首先看到我的自定义消息。

这招对我很管用:

exception_raised = False
try:
    do_something_that_might_raise_an_exception()
except ValueError as e:
    message = str(e)
    exception_raised = True

if exception_raised:
    message_to_prepend = "Custom text"
    raise ValueError(message_to_prepend + message)

这是我在Python 2.7和3中用来修改异常消息的函数。X，同时保留原始的回溯。需要6个

def reraise_modify(caught_exc, append_msg, prepend=False):
    """Append message to exception while preserving attributes.

    Preserves exception class, and exception traceback.

    Note:
        This function needs to be called inside an except because
        `sys.exc_info()` requires the exception context.

    Args:
        caught_exc(Exception): The caught exception object
        append_msg(str): The message to append to the caught exception
        prepend(bool): If True prepend the message to args instead of appending

    Returns:
        None

    Side Effects:
        Re-raises the exception with the preserved data / trace but
        modified message
    """
    ExceptClass = type(caught_exc)
    # Keep old traceback
    traceback = sys.exc_info()[2]
    if not caught_exc.args:
        # If no args, create our own tuple
        arg_list = [append_msg]
    else:
        # Take the last arg
        # If it is a string
        # append your message.
        # Otherwise append it to the
        # arg list(Not as pretty)
        arg_list = list(caught_exc.args[:-1])
        last_arg = caught_exc.args[-1]
        if isinstance(last_arg, str):
            if prepend:
                arg_list.append(append_msg + last_arg)
            else:
                arg_list.append(last_arg + append_msg)
        else:
            arg_list += [last_arg, append_msg]
    caught_exc.args = tuple(arg_list)
    six.reraise(ExceptClass,
                caught_exc,
                traceback)

如果你想自定义错误类型，你可以做的一件简单的事情就是基于ValueError定义一个错误类。

引发相同的错误，并在前面添加自定义文本消息。 (编辑-抱歉，实际上和https://stackoverflow.com/a/65494175/15229310一样，为什么有10个(好评)“解决方案”只是不回答张贴的问题?)

    try:
       <code causing exception>
    except Exception as e:
        e.args = (f"My custom text. Original Exception text: {'-'.join(e.args)}",)
        raise

更新:对于Python 3，检查Ben的答案

将一条消息附加到当前异常并重新引发: (外面的try/except只是为了展示效果)

对于python 2。其中X >=6:

try:
    try:
      raise ValueError  # something bad...
    except ValueError as err:
      err.message=err.message+" hello"
      raise              # re-raise current exception
except ValueError as e:
    print(" got error of type "+ str(type(e))+" with message " +e.message)

如果err是从ValueError派生的，这也会做正确的事情。例如UnicodeDecodeError。

请注意，您可以添加任何您喜欢的错误。例如err.problematic_array=[1,2,3]。

编辑:@Ducan在注释中指出，上述内容不适用于python 3，因为.message不是ValueError的成员。相反，你可以使用这个(有效的python 2.6或更高版本或3.x):

try:
    try:
      raise ValueError
    except ValueError as err:
       if not err.args: 
           err.args=('',)
       err.args = err.args + ("hello",)
       raise 
except ValueError as e:
    print(" error was "+ str(type(e))+str(e.args))

Edit2:

根据目的，您还可以选择在自己的变量名下添加额外的信息。对于python2和python3:

try:
    try:
      raise ValueError
    except ValueError as err:
       err.extra_info = "hello"
       raise 
except ValueError as e:
    print(" error was "+ str(type(e))+str(e))
    if 'extra_info' in dir(e):
       print e.extra_info

Python 3内置异常有strerror字段:

except ValueError as err:
  err.strerror = "New error message"
  raise err