在c#中，通过[flags]属性将枚举视为标志，但在c++中实现这一点的最佳方法是什么?
例如，我想写:
enum AnimalFlags
{
HasClaws = 1,
CanFly =2,
EatsFish = 4,
Endangered = 8
};
seahawk.flags = CanFly | EatsFish | Endangered;
然而，我得到编译器错误关于int/enum转换。除了生硬的角色转换，还有更好的表达方式吗?最好，我不想依赖第三方库(如boost或Qt)的构造。
编辑:如答案中所示，我可以通过声明seahawk来避免编译器错误。标记为int。但是，我希望有某种机制来执行类型安全，这样就不能编写seahawk了。flags = HasMaximizeButton。
当前回答
复制粘贴的“邪恶”宏基于一些其他的答案在这个线程:
#include <type_traits>
/*
* Macro to allow enum values to be combined and evaluated as flags.
* * Based on:
* - DEFINE_ENUM_FLAG_OPERATORS from <winnt.h>
* - https://stackoverflow.com/a/63031334/1624459
*/
#define MAKE_ENUM_FLAGS(TEnum) \
inline TEnum operator~(TEnum a) { \
using TUnder = typename std::underlying_type_t<TEnum>; \
return static_cast<TEnum>(~static_cast<TUnder>(a)); \
} \
inline TEnum operator|(TEnum a, TEnum b) { \
using TUnder = typename std::underlying_type_t<TEnum>; \
return static_cast<TEnum>(static_cast<TUnder>(a) | static_cast<TUnder>(b)); \
} \
inline TEnum operator&(TEnum a, TEnum b) { \
using TUnder = typename std::underlying_type_t<TEnum>; \
return static_cast<TEnum>(static_cast<TUnder>(a) & static_cast<TUnder>(b)); \
} \
inline TEnum operator^(TEnum a, TEnum b) { \
using TUnder = typename std::underlying_type_t<TEnum>; \
return static_cast<TEnum>(static_cast<TUnder>(a) ^ static_cast<TUnder>(b)); \
} \
inline TEnum& operator|=(TEnum& a, TEnum b) { \
using TUnder = typename std::underlying_type_t<TEnum>; \
a = static_cast<TEnum>(static_cast<TUnder>(a) | static_cast<TUnder>(b)); \
return a; \
} \
inline TEnum& operator&=(TEnum& a, TEnum b) { \
using TUnder = typename std::underlying_type_t<TEnum>; \
a = static_cast<TEnum>(static_cast<TUnder>(a) & static_cast<TUnder>(b)); \
return a; \
} \
inline TEnum& operator^=(TEnum& a, TEnum b) { \
using TUnder = typename std::underlying_type_t<TEnum>; \
a = static_cast<TEnum>(static_cast<TUnder>(a) ^ static_cast<TUnder>(b)); \
return a; \
}
使用
enum class Passability : std::uint8_t {
Clear = 0,
GroundUnit = 1 << 1,
FlyingUnit = 1 << 2,
Building = 1 << 3,
Tree = 1 << 4,
Mountain = 1 << 5,
Blocked = 1 << 6,
Water = 1 << 7,
Coastline = 1 << 8
};
MAKE_ENUM_FLAGS(Passability)
优势
仅在显式使用时应用于选定的枚举。 不使用非法的reinterpret_cast。 不需要指定底层类型。
笔记
如果使用c++ <14，将std::underlying_type_t<TEnum>替换为std::underlying_type<TEnum>::type。
其他回答
我想详细说明Uliwitness的回答，为c++ 98修复他的代码，并使用Safe Bool习语，因为在c++ 11以下的c++版本中缺少std::underlying_type<>模板和显式关键字。
我还修改了它，使枚举值可以是连续的，而不需要任何显式的赋值，因此您可以有
enum AnimalFlags_
{
HasClaws,
CanFly,
EatsFish,
Endangered
};
typedef FlagsEnum<AnimalFlags_> AnimalFlags;
seahawk.flags = AnimalFlags() | CanFly | EatsFish | Endangered;
然后，您可以获得原始标志值
seahawk.flags.value();
这是代码。
template <typename EnumType, typename Underlying = int>
class FlagsEnum
{
typedef Underlying FlagsEnum::* RestrictedBool;
public:
FlagsEnum() : m_flags(Underlying()) {}
FlagsEnum(EnumType singleFlag):
m_flags(1 << singleFlag)
{}
FlagsEnum(const FlagsEnum& original):
m_flags(original.m_flags)
{}
FlagsEnum& operator |=(const FlagsEnum& f) {
m_flags |= f.m_flags;
return *this;
}
FlagsEnum& operator &=(const FlagsEnum& f) {
m_flags &= f.m_flags;
return *this;
}
friend FlagsEnum operator |(const FlagsEnum& f1, const FlagsEnum& f2) {
return FlagsEnum(f1) |= f2;
}
friend FlagsEnum operator &(const FlagsEnum& f1, const FlagsEnum& f2) {
return FlagsEnum(f1) &= f2;
}
FlagsEnum operator ~() const {
FlagsEnum result(*this);
result.m_flags = ~result.m_flags;
return result;
}
operator RestrictedBool() const {
return m_flags ? &FlagsEnum::m_flags : 0;
}
Underlying value() const {
return m_flags;
}
protected:
Underlying m_flags;
};
我认为目前接受的答案是eidolon太危险了。编译器的优化器可能会对枚举中可能的值进行假设，您可能会得到带有无效值的垃圾。通常没有人想在标记枚举中定义所有可能的排列。
正如Brian R. Bondy在下面所说的，如果你正在使用c++ 11(每个人都应该这样做，它很好)，你现在可以用枚举类更容易地做到这一点:
enum class ObjectType : uint32_t
{
ANIMAL = (1 << 0),
VEGETABLE = (1 << 1),
MINERAL = (1 << 2)
};
constexpr enum ObjectType operator |( const enum ObjectType selfValue, const enum ObjectType inValue )
{
return (enum ObjectType)(uint32_t(selfValue) | uint32_t(inValue));
}
// ... add more operators here.
这通过为枚举指定类型来确保一个稳定的大小和值范围，通过使用枚举类来抑制枚举自动向下转换为int等，并使用constexpr来确保操作符的代码得到内联，从而与常规数字一样快。
对于那些受困于11年前c++方言的人来说
如果我被一个不支持c++ 11的编译器困住了，我会在一个类中包装一个int类型，然后只允许使用位操作符和该enum的类型来设置它的值:
template<class ENUM,class UNDERLYING=typename std::underlying_type<ENUM>::type>
class SafeEnum
{
public:
SafeEnum() : mFlags(0) {}
SafeEnum( ENUM singleFlag ) : mFlags(singleFlag) {}
SafeEnum( const SafeEnum& original ) : mFlags(original.mFlags) {}
SafeEnum& operator |=( ENUM addValue ) { mFlags |= addValue; return *this; }
SafeEnum operator |( ENUM addValue ) { SafeEnum result(*this); result |= addValue; return result; }
SafeEnum& operator &=( ENUM maskValue ) { mFlags &= maskValue; return *this; }
SafeEnum operator &( ENUM maskValue ) { SafeEnum result(*this); result &= maskValue; return result; }
SafeEnum operator ~() { SafeEnum result(*this); result.mFlags = ~result.mFlags; return result; }
explicit operator bool() { return mFlags != 0; }
protected:
UNDERLYING mFlags;
};
你可以像定义普通的enum + typedef一样定义它:
enum TFlags_
{
EFlagsNone = 0,
EFlagOne = (1 << 0),
EFlagTwo = (1 << 1),
EFlagThree = (1 << 2),
EFlagFour = (1 << 3)
};
typedef SafeEnum<enum TFlags_> TFlags;
用法也类似:
TFlags myFlags;
myFlags |= EFlagTwo;
myFlags |= EFlagThree;
if( myFlags & EFlagTwo )
std::cout << "flag 2 is set" << std::endl;
if( (myFlags & EFlagFour) == EFlagsNone )
std::cout << "flag 4 is not set" << std::endl;
你也可以使用第二个模板参数覆盖二进制稳定enum的底层类型(如c++ 11的enum foo: type)，即typedef SafeEnum<enum TFlags_，uint8_t> TFlags;。
我用c++ 11的显式关键字标记了bool override操作符，以防止它导致int转换，因为这可能导致一组标志在写入时被折叠成0或1。如果你不能使用c++ 11，那就把这个重载去掉，并重写示例用法中的第一个条件为(myFlags & EFlagTwo) == EFlagTwo。
对于像我这样的懒人来说，下面是复制粘贴的模板解决方案:
template<class T> inline T operator~ (T a) { return (T)~(int)a; }
template<class T> inline T operator| (T a, T b) { return (T)((int)a | (int)b); }
template<class T> inline T operator& (T a, T b) { return (T)((int)a & (int)b); }
template<class T> inline T operator^ (T a, T b) { return (T)((int)a ^ (int)b); }
template<class T> inline T& operator|= (T& a, T b) { return (T&)((int&)a |= (int)b); }
template<class T> inline T& operator&= (T& a, T b) { return (T&)((int&)a &= (int)b); }
template<class T> inline T& operator^= (T& a, T b) { return (T&)((int&)a ^= (int)b); }
我发现自己也在问同样的问题，并提出了一个基于c++ 11的通用解决方案，类似于soru的方案:
template <typename TENUM>
class FlagSet {
private:
using TUNDER = typename std::underlying_type<TENUM>::type;
std::bitset<std::numeric_limits<TUNDER>::max()> m_flags;
public:
FlagSet() = default;
template <typename... ARGS>
FlagSet(TENUM f, ARGS... args) : FlagSet(args...)
{
set(f);
}
FlagSet& set(TENUM f)
{
m_flags.set(static_cast<TUNDER>(f));
return *this;
}
bool test(TENUM f)
{
return m_flags.test(static_cast<TUNDER>(f));
}
FlagSet& operator|=(TENUM f)
{
return set(f);
}
};
界面可以根据口味进行改进。那么它可以这样使用:
FlagSet<Flags> flags{Flags::FLAG_A, Flags::FLAG_C};
flags |= Flags::FLAG_D;
这里有一个位掩码的选项，如果你实际上不需要使用单个枚举值(例如，你不需要关闭它们)…如果你不担心保持二进制兼容性，即:你不关心你的位在哪里…你可能就是这样。此外，您最好不要过于关注范围和访问控制。嗯，枚举对于位域有一些不错的属性…不知道是否有人尝试过:)
struct AnimalProperties
{
bool HasClaws : 1;
bool CanFly : 1;
bool EatsFish : 1;
bool Endangered : 1;
};
union AnimalDescription
{
AnimalProperties Properties;
int Flags;
};
void TestUnionFlags()
{
AnimalDescription propertiesA;
propertiesA.Properties.CanFly = true;
AnimalDescription propertiesB = propertiesA;
propertiesB.Properties.EatsFish = true;
if( propertiesA.Flags == propertiesB.Flags )
{
cout << "Life is terrible :(";
}
else
{
cout << "Life is great!";
}
AnimalDescription propertiesC = propertiesA;
if( propertiesA.Flags == propertiesC.Flags )
{
cout << "Life is great!";
}
else
{
cout << "Life is terrible :(";
}
}
我们可以看到生命是伟大的，我们有离散的值，我们有一个漂亮的int到&和|到我们的心内容，它仍然有它的位的含义的上下文。一切都是一致的和可预测的……对我来说……只要我继续使用微软的vc++编译器w/ Update 3在Win10 x64上，不碰我的编译器标志:)
Even though everything is great... we have some context as to the meaning of flags now, since its in a union w/ the bitfield in the terrible real world where your program may be be responsible for more than a single discrete task you could still accidentally (quite easily) smash two flags fields of different unions together (say, AnimalProperties and ObjectProperties, since they're both ints), mixing up all yours bits, which is a horrible bug to trace down... and how I know many people on this post don't work with bitmasks very often, since building them is easy and maintaining them is hard.
class AnimalDefinition {
public:
static AnimalDefinition *GetAnimalDefinition( AnimalFlags flags ); //A little too obvious for my taste... NEXT!
static AnimalDefinition *GetAnimalDefinition( AnimalProperties properties ); //Oh I see how to use this! BORING, NEXT!
static AnimalDefinition *GetAnimalDefinition( int flags ); //hmm, wish I could see how to construct a valid "flags" int without CrossFingers+Ctrl+Shift+F("Animal*"). Maybe just hard-code 16 or something?
AnimalFlags animalFlags; //Well this is *way* too hard to break unintentionally, screw this!
int flags; //PERFECT! Nothing will ever go wrong here...
//wait, what values are used for this particular flags field? Is this AnimalFlags or ObjectFlags? Or is it RuntimePlatformFlags? Does it matter? Where's the documentation?
//Well luckily anyone in the code base and get confused and destroy the whole program! At least I don't need to static_cast anymore, phew!
private:
AnimalDescription m_description; //Oh I know what this is. All of the mystery and excitement of life has been stolen away :(
}
因此，然后你让你的联合声明私有，以防止直接访问“Flags”，并必须添加getter /setter和操作符重载，然后为所有这些做一个宏，你基本上回到你开始的地方，当你试图用Enum来做这件事。
不幸的是，如果你想要你的代码是可移植的，我不认为有任何方法可以A)保证位布局或B)在编译时确定位布局(这样你就可以跟踪它，至少纠正跨版本/平台等的变化) 带位字段的结构中的偏移量
在运行时，你可以玩一些技巧，设置字段和XORing标志，看看哪些位发生了变化，听起来对我来说很糟糕，尽管有一个100%一致的，平台独立的，完全确定的解决方案，即:ENUM。
TL;DR: Don't listen to the haters. C++ is not English. Just because the literal definition of an abbreviated keyword inherited from C might not fit your usage doesn't mean you shouldn't use it when the C and C++ definition of the keyword absolutely includes your use case. You can also use structs to model things other than structures, and classes for things other than school and social caste. You may use float for values which are grounded. You may use char for variables which are neither un-burnt nor a person in a novel, play, or movie. Any programmer who goes to the dictionary to determine the meaning of a keyword before the language spec is a... well I'll hold my tongue there.
如果你确实希望你的代码模仿口语，你最好使用Objective-C编写，顺便说一句，它也大量使用枚举作为位域。
