如果不想循环，则无法使用数组进行循环。您应该改用Set。

require 'set'
s = Set.new
100.times{|i| s << "foo#{i}"}
s.include?("foo99")
 => true
[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8].to_set.include?(4) 
  => true

设置在内部像Hashes一样工作，因此Ruby不需要在集合中循环查找项，因为顾名思义，它会生成键的哈希值，并创建内存映射，以便每个哈希值指向内存中的某个点。前面的示例使用Hash完成：

fake_array = {}
100.times{|i| fake_array["foo#{i}"] = 1}
fake_array.has_key?("foo99")
  => true

缺点是Set和Hash键只能包含唯一的项，如果你添加了很多项，Ruby将不得不在一定数量的项之后重新散列整个项，以构建适合更大键空间的新映射。有关这方面的更多信息，我建议您观看“MountainWest RubyConf 2014-Nathan Long自制哈希中的大O”。

这里有一个基准：

require 'benchmark'
require 'set'

array = []
set   = Set.new

10_000.times do |i|
  array << "foo#{i}"
  set   << "foo#{i}"
end

Benchmark.bm do |x|
  x.report("array") { 10_000.times { array.include?("foo9999") } }
  x.report("set  ") { 10_000.times { set.include?("foo9999")   } }
end

结果是：

      user     system      total        real
array  7.020000   0.000000   7.020000 (  7.031525)
set    0.010000   0.000000   0.010000 (  0.004816)

Try

['Cat', 'Dog', 'Bird'].include?('Dog')

还有一种方法可以做到这一点：

arr = ['Cat', 'Dog', 'Bird']
e = 'Dog'

present = arr.size != (arr - [e]).size

您正在查找包含项？：

>> ['Cat', 'Dog', 'Bird'].include? 'Dog'
=> true

如果要在MiniTest单元测试中执行此操作，可以使用assert_includes。例子：

pets = ['Cat', 'Dog', 'Bird']
assert_includes(pets, 'Dog')      # -> passes
assert_includes(pets, 'Zebra')    # -> fails 

我总是觉得运行一些基准测试来查看各种方法的相对速度很有趣。

在开始、中间或结束处查找数组元素将影响任何线性搜索，但几乎不会影响对集合的搜索。

将一个数组转换为一个集合会导致处理时间的减少，所以从一个数组创建一次集合，或者从一开始就创建一个集合。

以下是基准代码：

# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'fruity'
require 'set'

ARRAY = (1..20_000).to_a
SET = ARRAY.to_set

DIVIDER = '-' * 20

def array_include?(elem)
  ARRAY.include?(elem)
end

def array_member?(elem)
  ARRAY.member?(elem)
end

def array_index(elem)
  ARRAY.index(elem) >= 0
end

def array_find_index(elem)
  ARRAY.find_index(elem) >= 0
end

def array_index_each(elem)
  ARRAY.index { |each| each == elem } >= 0
end

def array_find_index_each(elem)
  ARRAY.find_index { |each| each == elem } >= 0
end

def array_any_each(elem)
  ARRAY.any? { |each| each == elem }
end

def array_find_each(elem)
  ARRAY.find { |each| each == elem } != nil
end

def array_detect_each(elem)
  ARRAY.detect { |each| each == elem } != nil
end

def set_include?(elem)
  SET.include?(elem)
end

def set_member?(elem)
  SET.member?(elem)
end

puts format('Ruby v.%s', RUBY_VERSION)

{
  'First' => ARRAY.first,
  'Middle' => (ARRAY.size / 2).to_i,
  'Last' => ARRAY.last
}.each do |k, element|
  puts DIVIDER, k, DIVIDER

  compare do
    _array_include?        { array_include?(element)        }
    _array_member?         { array_member?(element)         }
    _array_index           { array_index(element)           }
    _array_find_index      { array_find_index(element)      }
    _array_index_each      { array_index_each(element)      }
    _array_find_index_each { array_find_index_each(element) }
    _array_any_each        { array_any_each(element)        }
    _array_find_each       { array_find_each(element)       }
    _array_detect_each     { array_detect_each(element)     }
  end
end

puts '', DIVIDER, 'Sets vs. Array.include?', DIVIDER
{
  'First' => ARRAY.first,
  'Middle' => (ARRAY.size / 2).to_i,
  'Last' => ARRAY.last
}.each do |k, element|
  puts DIVIDER, k, DIVIDER

  compare do
    _array_include? { array_include?(element) }
    _set_include?   { set_include?(element)   }
    _set_member?    { set_member?(element)    }
  end
end

在我的Mac OS笔记本电脑上运行时，会导致：

Ruby v.2.7.0
--------------------
First
--------------------
Running each test 65536 times. Test will take about 5 seconds.
_array_include? is similar to _array_index
_array_index is similar to _array_find_index
_array_find_index is faster than _array_any_each by 2x ± 1.0
_array_any_each is similar to _array_index_each
_array_index_each is similar to _array_find_index_each
_array_find_index_each is faster than _array_member? by 4x ± 1.0
_array_member? is faster than _array_detect_each by 2x ± 1.0
_array_detect_each is similar to _array_find_each
--------------------
Middle
--------------------
Running each test 32 times. Test will take about 2 seconds.
_array_include? is similar to _array_find_index
_array_find_index is similar to _array_index
_array_index is faster than _array_member? by 2x ± 0.1
_array_member? is faster than _array_index_each by 2x ± 0.1
_array_index_each is similar to _array_find_index_each
_array_find_index_each is similar to _array_any_each
_array_any_each is faster than _array_detect_each by 30.000000000000004% ± 10.0%
_array_detect_each is similar to _array_find_each
--------------------
Last
--------------------
Running each test 16 times. Test will take about 2 seconds.
_array_include? is faster than _array_find_index by 10.000000000000009% ± 10.0%
_array_find_index is similar to _array_index
_array_index is faster than _array_member? by 3x ± 0.1
_array_member? is faster than _array_find_index_each by 2x ± 0.1
_array_find_index_each is similar to _array_index_each
_array_index_each is similar to _array_any_each
_array_any_each is faster than _array_detect_each by 30.000000000000004% ± 10.0%
_array_detect_each is similar to _array_find_each

--------------------
Sets vs. Array.include?
--------------------
--------------------
First
--------------------
Running each test 65536 times. Test will take about 1 second.
_array_include? is similar to _set_include?
_set_include? is similar to _set_member?
--------------------
Middle
--------------------
Running each test 65536 times. Test will take about 2 minutes.
_set_member? is similar to _set_include?
_set_include? is faster than _array_include? by 1400x ± 1000.0
--------------------
Last
--------------------
Running each test 65536 times. Test will take about 4 minutes.
_set_member? is similar to _set_include?
_set_include? is faster than _array_include? by 3000x ± 1000.0

基本上，如果我要搜索包含，结果告诉我对所有内容都使用Set，除非我能保证第一个元素是我想要的，这不太可能。在哈希表中插入元素时会有一些开销，但搜索速度要快得多，我认为这不应该是一个考虑因素。同样，如果您需要搜索它，请不要使用数组，而是使用集合。（或哈希。）

Array越小，Array方法运行得越快，但它们仍然无法跟上，尽管在小数组中，差异可能很小。

“First”、“Middle”和“Last”反映了所搜索元素在ARRAY中使用First、size/2和Last。搜索ARRAY和SET变量时将使用该元素。

对与>0进行比较的方法进行了轻微更改，因为索引类型测试的测试应为>=0。

有关Fruity及其方法的更多信息，请参见其README。