来自官方JAR文件规范(链接到Java 7版本，但文本至少从v1.3开始就没有改变):

The META-INF directory The following files/directories in the META-INF directory are recognized and interpreted by the Java 2 Platform to configure applications, extensions, class loaders and services: MANIFEST.MF The manifest file that is used to define extension and package related data. INDEX.LIST This file is generated by the new "-i" option of the jar tool, which contains location information for packages defined in an application or extension. It is part of the JarIndex implementation and used by class loaders to speed up their class loading process. x.SF The signature file for the JAR file. 'x' stands for the base file name. x.DSA The signature block file associated with the signature file with the same base file name. This file stores the digital signature of the corresponding signature file. services/ This directory stores all the service provider configuration files.

自Java 9实现JEP 238以来新增了多版本jar。一个会看到子文件夹的版本。这个特性允许将不同Java版本的类打包到一个jar中。

As an addition the META-INF folder is now also used for multi-release jars. This is a feature which allows to package classes which are meant for different Java version in one jar, e.g. include a class for Java 11 with new features offered by Java 11 in a jar also working for Java 8, where a different class for Java 8 with less features in contained. E.g this can be useful if a newer Java version is offering enhanced, different or new API methods which would not work in earlier version due to API violations. One will see a sub folder versions then.

只是在这里添加信息，如果是WAR文件，则是META-INF/MANIFEST。MF文件为开发人员提供了由容器发起部署时检查的工具，以确保容器可以找到应用程序所依赖的所有类。这确保了万一您丢失了一个JAR，您不必等到应用程序在运行时崩溃时才意识到它丢失了。

一般来说，您自己不应该在META-INF中放入任何东西。相反，您应该依赖于您用来打包JAR的任何东西。这是我认为Ant真正擅长的领域之一:指定JAR文件清单属性。这样说很容易:

<jar ...>
    <manifest>
        <attribute name="Main-Class" value="MyApplication"/>
    </manifest>
</jar>

至少，我认为这很简单……: -)

关键是meta - inf应该被视为一个内部Java元目录。别乱动它!您希望包含在JAR中的任何文件都应该放在其他子目录中或JAR本身的根目录中。

Maven中的META-INF

在Maven中，META-INF文件夹被理解是因为标准目录布局，根据名称约定将您的项目资源打包到JAR中:放置在${basedir}/src/main/resources目录中的任何目录或文件都以完全相同的结构打包到JAR中，从JAR的底部开始。

文件夹${basedir}/src/main/resources/META-INF通常包含。properties文件，而在jar中包含一个生成的MANIFEST。MF,砰的一声。属性，pom.xml，以及其他文件。同样，像Spring这样的框架使用classpath:/META-INF/resources/来提供web资源。

有关更多信息，请参阅如何向Maven项目添加资源。

如果您使用的是JPA1，则可能必须在其中放入一个persistence.xml文件，该文件指定您可能想要使用的持久化单元的名称。持久化单元提供了一种方便的方式，可以指定一组元数据文件、类和包含分组中要持久化的所有类的jar。

import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;

// ...

EntityManagerFactory emf =
      Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(persistenceUnitName);

点击这里查看更多信息: http://www.datanucleus.org/products/datanucleus/jpa/emf.html