是否可以在ES6类中创建私有属性?
举个例子。 如何阻止访问instance.property?
class Something {
constructor(){
this.property = "test";
}
}
var instance = new Something();
console.log(instance.property); //=> "test"
是否可以在ES6类中创建私有属性?
举个例子。 如何阻止访问instance.property?
class Something {
constructor(){
this.property = "test";
}
}
var instance = new Something();
console.log(instance.property); //=> "test"
当前回答
我相信在构造函数中使用闭包是可能获得“两全其美”的。有两种变化:
所有数据成员都是私有的
函数myFunc() { console.log(' x的值:' + this.x); this.myPrivateFunc (); } 函数myPrivateFunc() { console.log(' x的增强值:' +(此。X + 1)); } 类测试{ 构造函数(){ Let internal = { X: 2, }; 内部的。myPrivateFunc = myPrivateFunc.bind(内部); 这一点。myFunc = myFunc.bind(内部); } };
有些成员是私有的
注意:这确实很难看。如果您知道更好的解决方案,请编辑此回复。
function myFunc(priv, pub) { pub.y = 3; // The Test object now gets a member 'y' with value 3. console.log('Value of x: ' + priv.x); this.myPrivateFunc(); } function myPrivateFunc() { pub.z = 5; // The Test object now gets a member 'z' with value 3. console.log('Enhanced value of x: ' + (priv.x + 1)); } class Test { constructor() { let self = this; let internal = { x : 2, }; internal.myPrivateFunc = myPrivateFunc.bind(null, internal, self); this.myFunc = myFunc.bind(null, internal, self); } };
其他回答
我已经开发了一个模块,帮助您使用的访问限制 JavaScript类,叫做Capsulable。(私有和受保护的静态)
如果您感兴趣,请查看下面的软件包。 https://github.com/hmmhmmhm/capsulable
const Capsulable = require('capsulable')
const Field = Capsulable()
class A {
constructor(_field){
// Configure data fields.
Field(this, _field)
// The code below provides access to
// the data fields when creating
// functions within the class.
Field(this).private
Field(this).protected
Field(this).protectedStatic
}
}
module.exports = A
我现在听到的建议是使用WeakMaps来保存私人数据,以供其他看客参考。
下面是一个更清晰、有效的例子:
function storePrivateProperties(a, b, c, d) {
let privateData = new WeakMap;
// unique object as key, weak map can only accept object as key, when key is no longer referened, garbage collector claims the key-value
let keyA = {}, keyB = {}, keyC = {}, keyD = {};
privateData.set(keyA, a);
privateData.set(keyB, b);
privateData.set(keyC, c);
privateData.set(keyD, d);
return {
logPrivateKey(key) {
switch(key) {
case "a":
console.log(privateData.get(keyA));
break;
case "b":
console.log(privateData.get(keyB));
break;
case "c":
console.log(privateData.get(keyC));
break;
case "d":
console.log(privateData.set(keyD));
break;
default:
console.log(`There is no value for ${key}`)
}
}
}
}
使用ES6模块(最初由@d13提出)对我来说效果很好。它不能完美地模拟私有属性,但至少您可以确信,应该是私有的属性不会泄漏到类之外。这里有一个例子:
something.js
let _message = null;
const _greet = name => {
console.log('Hello ' + name);
};
export default class Something {
constructor(message) {
_message = message;
}
say() {
console.log(_message);
_greet('Bob');
}
};
然后消费代码可以是这样的:
import Something from './something.js';
const something = new Something('Sunny day!');
something.say();
something._message; // undefined
something._greet(); // exception
更新(重要):
正如@DanyalAytekin在评论中概述的那样,这些私有属性是静态的,因此在全球范围内。它们在处理单例对象时工作得很好,但在处理瞬态对象时必须小心。扩展上面的例子:
import Something from './something.js';
import Something2 from './something.js';
const a = new Something('a');
a.say(); // a
const b = new Something('b');
b.say(); // b
const c = new Something2('c');
c.say(); // c
a.say(); // c
b.say(); // c
c.say(); // c
实际上这是可能的。 1. 首先,创建类,并在构造函数中返回被调用的_public函数。 2. 在被调用的_public函数中传递this引用(以获得对所有私有方法和道具的访问),以及构造函数的所有参数(将在new Names()中传递) 3.在_public函数作用域中,还有一个Names类,它可以访问私有Names类的this (_this)引用
class Names {
constructor() {
this.privateProperty = 'John';
return _public(this, arguments);
}
privateMethod() { }
}
const names = new Names(1,2,3);
console.log(names.somePublicMethod); //[Function]
console.log(names.publicProperty); //'Jasmine'
console.log(names.privateMethod); //undefined
console.log(names.privateProperty); //undefind
function _public(_this, _arguments) {
class Names {
constructor() {
this.publicProperty = 'Jasmine';
_this.privateProperty; //"John";
_this.privateMethod; //[Function]
}
somePublicMethod() {
_this.privateProperty; //"John";
_this.privateMethod; //[Function]
}
}
return new Names(..._arguments);
}
在寻找“类的私有数据”的最佳实践时,我偶然看到了这篇文章。上面提到了一些模式会有性能问题。
我根据在线书籍“探索ES6”中的4个主要模式整理了一些jsperf测试:
http://exploringjs.com/es6/ch_classes.html#sec_private-data-for-classes
测试可以在这里找到:
https://jsperf.com/private-data-for-classes
在Chrome 63.0.3239 / Mac OS X 10.11.6中,表现最好的模式是“通过构造函数环境的私有数据”和“通过命名约定的私有数据”。对我来说,Safari在WeakMap上表现得很好,而Chrome则不太好。
我不知道对内存的影响,但“构造函数环境”的模式(有些人曾警告过这将是一个性能问题)非常具有性能。
这4种基本模式是:
通过构造函数环境的私有数据
class Countdown {
constructor(counter, action) {
Object.assign(this, {
dec() {
if (counter < 1) return;
counter--;
if (counter === 0) {
action();
}
}
});
}
}
const c = new Countdown(2, () => {});
c.dec();
c.dec();
通过构造函数环境的私有数据2
class Countdown {
constructor(counter, action) {
this.dec = function dec() {
if (counter < 1) return;
counter--;
if (counter === 0) {
action();
}
}
}
}
const c = new Countdown(2, () => {});
c.dec();
c.dec();
通过命名约定的私有数据
class Countdown {
constructor(counter, action) {
this._counter = counter;
this._action = action;
}
dec() {
if (this._counter < 1) return;
this._counter--;
if (this._counter === 0) {
this._action();
}
}
}
const c = new Countdown(2, () => {});
c.dec();
c.dec();
通过WeakMaps的私有数据
const _counter = new WeakMap();
const _action = new WeakMap();
class Countdown {
constructor(counter, action) {
_counter.set(this, counter);
_action.set(this, action);
}
dec() {
let counter = _counter.get(this);
if (counter < 1) return;
counter--;
_counter.set(this, counter);
if (counter === 0) {
_action.get(this)();
}
}
}
const c = new Countdown(2, () => {});
c.dec();
c.dec();
通过符号的私有数据
const _counter = Symbol('counter');
const _action = Symbol('action');
class Countdown {
constructor(counter, action) {
this[_counter] = counter;
this[_action] = action;
}
dec() {
if (this[_counter] < 1) return;
this[_counter]--;
if (this[_counter] === 0) {
this[_action]();
}
}
}
const c = new Countdown(2, () => {});
c.dec();
c.dec();