PEP 8规定:
导入总是放在文件的顶部，就在任何模块注释和文档字符串之后，在模块全局变量和常量之前。
然而，如果我导入的类/方法/函数只在很少的情况下使用，那么在需要时进行导入肯定会更有效吗?
这不是:
class SomeClass(object):
def not_often_called(self)
from datetime import datetime
self.datetime = datetime.now()
比这更有效率?
from datetime import datetime
class SomeClass(object):
def not_often_called(self)
self.datetime = datetime.now()
当前回答
Putting the import statement inside of a function can prevent circular dependencies. For example, if you have 2 modules, X.py and Y.py, and they both need to import each other, this will cause a circular dependency when you import one of the modules causing an infinite loop. If you move the import statement in one of the modules then it won't try to import the other module till the function is called, and that module will already be imported, so no infinite loop. Read here for more - effbot.org/zone/import-confusion.htm
其他回答
大多数情况下，这对于清晰和明智的做法是有用的，但并不总是如此。下面是模块导入可能存在于其他地方的两个例子。
首先，你可以有一个这样的单元测试模块:
if __name__ == '__main__':
import foo
aa = foo.xyz() # initiate something for the test
其次，您可能需要在运行时有条件地导入一些不同的模块。
if [condition]:
import foo as plugin_api
else:
import bar as plugin_api
xx = plugin_api.Plugin()
[...]
在其他情况下，您可能会在代码的其他部分导入。
我想提一下我的一个用例，与@John Millikin和@ v.k.提到的用例非常相似:
可选的进口
我使用Jupyter Notebook进行数据分析，我使用相同的IPython Notebook作为所有分析的模板。在某些情况下，我需要导入Tensorflow来做一些快速的模型运行，但有时我工作的地方，Tensorflow没有设置/导入很慢。在这些情况下，我将依赖于tensorflow的操作封装在一个helper函数中，在该函数中导入tensorflow，并将其绑定到一个按钮。
这样，我就可以“重新启动并运行全部”，而不必等待导入，也不必在导入失败时恢复其余的单元格。
可读性
除了启动性能外，本地化import语句还需要考虑可读性。例如，在我目前的第一个python项目中使用python行号1283到1296:
listdata.append(['tk font version', font_version])
listdata.append(['Gtk version', str(Gtk.get_major_version())+"."+
str(Gtk.get_minor_version())+"."+
str(Gtk.get_micro_version())])
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
xmltree = ET.parse('/usr/share/gnome/gnome-version.xml')
xmlroot = xmltree.getroot()
result = []
for child in xmlroot:
result.append(child.text)
listdata.append(['Gnome version', result[0]+"."+result[1]+"."+
result[2]+" "+result[3]])
如果import语句在文件的顶部，我将不得不向上滚动很长一段距离，或按Home键，以找出ET是什么。然后我将不得不返回到第1283行继续阅读代码。
实际上，即使import语句像许多人那样位于函数(或类)的顶部，也需要向上和向下分页。
很少会显示Gnome版本号，因此在文件顶部导入会引入不必要的启动延迟。
以下是对这个问题的最新答案总结 而且 相关的 的问题。
PEP 8 recommends putting imports at the top. It's often more convenient to get ImportErrors when you first run your program rather than when your program first calls your function. Putting imports in the function scope can help avoid issues with circular imports. Putting imports in the function scope helps keep maintain a clean module namespace, so that it does not appear among tab-completion suggestions. Start-up time: imports in a function won't run until (if) that function is called. Might get significant with heavy-weight libraries. Even though import statements are super fast on subsequent runs, they still incur a speed penalty which can be significant if the function is trivial but frequently in use. Imports under the __name__ == "__main__" guard seem very reasonable. Refactoring might be easier if the imports are located in the function where they're used (facilitates moving it to another module). It can also be argued that this is good for readability. However, most would argue the contrary, i.e. Imports at the top enhance readability, since you can see all your dependencies at a glance. It seems unclear if dynamic or conditional imports favour one style over another.
Module initialization only occurs once - on the first import. If the module in question is from the standard library, then you will likely import it from other modules in your program as well. For a module as prevalent as datetime, it is also likely a dependency for a slew of other standard libraries. The import statement would cost very little then since the module intialization would have happened already. All it is doing at this point is binding the existing module object to the local scope.
将这些信息与可读性参数结合起来，我会说import语句最好在模块范围内。
