一个简单的方式是使用OS模块:

import os
os.system('ls')

否则,您还可以使用子过程模块:

import subprocess
subprocess.check_call('ls')

如果您希望结果存储在变量中,请尝试:

import subprocess
r = subprocess.check_output('ls')

假设你想从一个 CGI 脚本开始一个漫长的任务,也就是说,孩子的过程应该比 CGI 脚本执行过程更长。

从子过程模块文档的经典例子是:

import subprocess
import sys

# Some code here

pid = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "longtask.py"]) # Call subprocess

# Some more code here

我的目标平台是FreeBSD,但开发是在Windows上,所以我首先面对了Windows上的问题。

在Windows(Windows XP)上,父母过程不会完成,直到 longtask.py 完成了工作。 这不是你想要的 CGI 脚本. 问题不是具体的 Python; 在 PHP 社区,问题是相同的。

解决方案是将 DETACHED_PROCESS Process Creation Flag 转移到 Windows API 中的 CreateProcess 功能。 如果您安装了 pywin32,您可以从 win32 过程模块中导入旗帜,否则您应该自己定义:

DETACHED_PROCESS = 0x00000008

pid = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "longtask.py"],
                       creationflags=DETACHED_PROCESS).pid

pid = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "longtask.py"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)

我没有在其他平台上检查代码,也不知道FreeBSD的行为原因,如果有人知道的话,请分享你的想法。

我常常用下列函数用于外部命令,这特别适用于长时间运行过程,下面的方法在运行时将过程输出缩短,并返回输出,如果过程失败,则会产生一个例外。

结果是,如果这个过程是通过 poll() 方法完成的。

import subprocess,sys

def exec_long_running_proc(command, args):
    cmd = "{} {}".format(command, " ".join(str(arg) if ' ' not in arg else arg.replace(' ','\ ') for arg in args))
    print(cmd)
    process = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)

    # Poll process for new output until finished
    while True:
        nextline = process.stdout.readline().decode('UTF-8')
        if nextline == '' and process.poll() is not None:
            break
        sys.stdout.write(nextline)
        sys.stdout.flush()

    output = process.communicate()[0]
    exitCode = process.returncode

    if (exitCode == 0):
        return output
    else:
        raise Exception(command, exitCode, output)

你可以这样引用它:

exec_long_running_proc(command = "hive", args=["-f", hql_path])

我会推荐下面的“运行”方法,它会帮助我们获得标准输出、标准错误和输出状态作为词典;这个词典的呼叫者可以通过“运行”方法阅读词典返回,以了解过程的实际状态。

  def run (cmd):
       print "+ DEBUG exec({0})".format(cmd)
       p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True, shell=True)
       (out, err) = p.communicate()
       ret        = p.wait()
       out        = filter(None, out.split('\n'))
       err        = filter(None, err.split('\n'))
       ret        = True if ret == 0 else False
       return dict({'output': out, 'error': err, 'status': ret})
  #end

在 Windows 中,您只能输入子过程模块并运行外部命令,以下列方式呼叫 subprocess.Popen(), subprocess.Popen().communicate() 和 subprocess.Popen().wait():

# Python script to run a command line
import subprocess

def execute(cmd):
    """
        Purpose  : To execute a command and return exit status
        Argument : cmd - command to execute
        Return   : exit_code
    """
    process = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
    (result, error) = process.communicate()

    rc = process.wait()

    if rc != 0:
        print "Error: failed to execute command:", cmd
        print error
    return result
# def

command = "tasklist | grep python"
print "This process detail: \n", execute(command)

出口:

This process detail:
python.exe                     604 RDP-Tcp#0                  4      5,660 K

这里有很多答案,但没有一个满足了我所有的需求。

我需要运行命令并捕获输出和输出代码. 我需要时间out 执行的程序,并强迫它出去,如果时间out 达到,并杀死它的所有儿童过程. 我需要它在 Windows XP 和以后, Cygwin 和 Linux 工作。

def _run(command, timeout_s=False, shell=False):
    ### run a process, capture the output and wait for it to finish. if timeout is specified then Kill the subprocess and its children when the timeout is reached (if parent did not detach)
    ## usage: _run(arg1, arg2, arg3)
        # arg1: command + arguments. Always pass a string; the function will split it when needed
        # arg2: (optional) timeout in seconds before force killing
        # arg3: (optional) shell usage. default shell=False
    ## return: a list containing: exit code, output, and if timeout was reached or not

    # - Tested on Python 2 and 3 on Windows XP, Windows 7, Cygwin and Linux.
    # - preexec_fn=os.setsid (py2) is equivalent to start_new_session (py3) (works on Linux only), in Windows and Cygwin we use TASKKILL
    # - we use stderr=subprocess.STDOUT to merge standard error and standard output
    import sys, subprocess, os, signal, shlex, time

    def _runPY3(command, timeout_s=None, shell=False):
        # py3.3+ because: timeout was added to communicate() in py3.3.
        new_session=False
        if sys.platform.startswith('linux'): new_session=True
        p = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, start_new_session=new_session, shell=shell)

        try:
            out = p.communicate(timeout=timeout_s)[0].decode('utf-8')
            is_timeout_reached = False
        except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
            print('Timeout reached: Killing the whole process group...')
            killAll(p.pid)
            out = p.communicate()[0].decode('utf-8')
            is_timeout_reached = True
        return p.returncode, out, is_timeout_reached

    def _runPY2(command, timeout_s=0, shell=False):
        preexec=None
        if sys.platform.startswith('linux'): preexec=os.setsid
        p = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, preexec_fn=preexec, shell=shell)

        start_time = time.time()
        is_timeout_reached = False
        while timeout_s and p.poll() == None:
            if time.time()-start_time >= timeout_s:
                print('Timeout reached: Killing the whole process group...')
                killAll(p.pid)
                is_timeout_reached = True
                break
            time.sleep(1)
        out = p.communicate()[0].decode('utf-8')
        return p.returncode, out, is_timeout_reached

    def killAll(ParentPid):
        if sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
            os.killpg(os.getpgid(ParentPid), signal.SIGTERM)
        elif sys.platform.startswith('cygwin'):
            # subprocess.Popen(shlex.split('bash -c "TASKKILL /F /PID $(</proc/{pid}/winpid) /T"'.format(pid=ParentPid)))
            winpid=int(open("/proc/{pid}/winpid".format(pid=ParentPid)).read())
            subprocess.Popen(['TASKKILL', '/F', '/PID', str(winpid), '/T'])
        elif sys.platform.startswith('win32'):
            subprocess.Popen(['TASKKILL', '/F', '/PID', str(ParentPid), '/T'])

    # - In Windows, we never need to split the command, but in Cygwin and Linux we need to split if shell=False (default), shlex will split the command for us
    if shell==False and (sys.platform.startswith('cygwin') or sys.platform.startswith('linux')):
        command=shlex.split(command)

    if sys.version_info >= (3, 3): # py3.3+
        if timeout_s==False:
            returnCode, output, is_timeout_reached = _runPY3(command, timeout_s=None, shell=shell)
        else:
            returnCode, output, is_timeout_reached = _runPY3(command, timeout_s=timeout_s, shell=shell)
    else:  # Python 2 and up to 3.2
        if timeout_s==False:
            returnCode, output, is_timeout_reached = _runPY2(command, timeout_s=0, shell=shell)
        else:
            returnCode, output, is_timeout_reached = _runPY2(command, timeout_s=timeout_s, shell=shell)

    return returnCode, output, is_timeout_reached

然后用它如下:

总是将命令作为一个行(它更容易)。你不需要分开它;函数在需要时将分开它。

所以我们可以用这个类似的时间:

a=_run('cmd /c echo 11111 & echo 22222 & calc',3)
for i in a[1].splitlines(): print(i)

或者没有时间:

b=_run('cmd /c echo 11111 & echo 22222 & calc')

更多例子:

b=_run('''wmic nic where 'NetConnectionID="Local Area Connection"' get NetConnectionStatus /value''')
print(b)

c=_run('cmd /C netsh interface ip show address "Local Area Connection"')
print(c)

d=_run('printf "<%s>\n" "{foo}"')
print(d)

你也可以指定Shell=True,但在大多数情况下,这个功能是无用的。我宁愿自己选择我想要的Shell,但这里是,如果你也需要它:

# windows
e=_run('echo 11111 & echo 22222 & calc',3, shell=True)
print(e)
# Cygwin/Linux:
f=_run('printf "<%s>\n" "{foo}"', shell=True)
print(f)

為什麼我沒有使用更簡單的新方法 subprocess.run()?

因为它支持在Python 3.7+,但最后支持的Python版本在Windows XP是3.4. 而且由于这个功能的Timeout论点在Windows中是无用的,它不会杀死执行命令的儿童过程. 如果你使用 capture_output + Timeout论点,它会挂在如果有一个儿童过程仍然运行。