如果有人想要生成排列来做一些事情，而不是通过void方法打印它们:

static List<int[]> permutations(int n) {

    class Perm {
        private final List<int[]> permutations = new ArrayList<>();

        private void perm(int[] array, int step) {
            if (step == 1) permutations.add(array.clone());
            else for (int i = 0; i < step; i++) {
                perm(array, step - 1);
                int j = (step % 2 == 0) ? i : 0;
                swap(array, step - 1, j);
            }
        }

        private void swap(int[] array, int i, int j) {
            int buffer = array[i];
            array[i] = array[j];
            array[j] = buffer;
        }

    }

    int[] nVector  = new int[n];
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) nVector [i] = i;

    Perm perm = new Perm();
    perm.perm(nVector, n);
    return perm.permutations;

}

让我们以输入abc为例。

从集合(["c"])中的最后一个元素(c)开始，然后将最后第二个元素(b)添加到它的前面，末尾和中间的每个可能位置，使其["bc"， "cb"]，然后以同样的方式将后面的下一个元素(a)添加到集合中的每个字符串中，使其:

"a" + "bc" = ["abc", "bac", "bca"]  and  "a" + "cb" = ["acb" ,"cab", "cba"] 

因此整个排列:

["abc", "bac", "bca","acb" ,"cab", "cba"]

代码:

public class Test 
{
    static Set<String> permutations;
    static Set<String> result = new HashSet<String>();

    public static Set<String> permutation(String string) {
        permutations = new HashSet<String>();

        int n = string.length();
        for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) 
        {
            shuffle(string.charAt(i));
        }
        return permutations;
    }

    private static void shuffle(char c) {
        if (permutations.size() == 0) {
            permutations.add(String.valueOf(c));
        } else {
            Iterator<String> it = permutations.iterator();
            for (int i = 0; i < permutations.size(); i++) {

                String temp1;
                for (; it.hasNext();) {
                    temp1 = it.next();
                    for (int k = 0; k < temp1.length() + 1; k += 1) {
                        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(temp1);

                        sb.insert(k, c);

                        result.add(sb.toString());
                    }
                }
            }
            permutations = result;
            //'result' has to be refreshed so that in next run it doesn't contain stale values.
            result = new HashSet<String>();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Set<String> result = permutation("abc");

        System.out.println("\nThere are total of " + result.size() + " permutations:");
        Iterator<String> it = result.iterator();
        while (it.hasNext()) {
            System.out.println(it.next());
        }
    }
}

import java.io.*;
public class Anagram {

public static void main(String[] args) {
      java.util.Scanner sc=new java.util.Scanner(System.in);
            PrintWriter p=new PrintWriter(System.out,true);
            p.println("Enter Word");
            String a[],s="",st;boolean flag=true;
            int in[],n,nf=1,i,j=0,k,m=0;
            char l[];
            st=sc.next();
            p.println("Anagrams");
            p.println("1 . "+st);
            l=st.toCharArray();
            n=st.length();
            for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
                nf*=i;
            }

            i=1;
            a=new String[nf];
            in=new int[n];
            a[0]=st;
            while(i<nf){
                for(m=0;m<n;m++){
                    in[m]=n;
                }j=0;
                while(j<n){
                    k=(int)(n*Math.random());

                    for(m=0;m<=j;m++){
                        if(k==in[m]){
                            flag=false;
                            break;          
                        }
                    }
                    if(flag==true){
                        in[j++]=k;
                    }flag=true;
                }s="";
                for(j=0;j<n;j++){
                    s+=l[in[j]];
                }

                //Removing same words
                for(m=0;m<=i;m++){
                        if(s.equalsIgnoreCase(a[m])){
                            flag=false;
                            break;          
                        }
                    }
                    if(flag==true){
                        a[i++]=s;
                        p.println(i+" . "+a[i-1]);
                    }flag=true;

            }

    }
}

递归是不必要的，甚至你可以直接计算任何排列，这个解决方案使用泛型来排列任何数组。

这里有关于这个algorihtm的很好的信息。

对于c#开发人员来说，这里有更有用的实现。

public static void main(String[] args) {
    String word = "12345";

    Character[] array = ArrayUtils.toObject(word.toCharArray());
    long[] factorials = Permutation.getFactorials(array.length + 1);

    for (long i = 0; i < factorials[array.length]; i++) {
        Character[] permutation = Permutation.<Character>getPermutation(i, array, factorials);
        printPermutation(permutation);
    }
}

private static void printPermutation(Character[] permutation) {
    for (int i = 0; i < permutation.length; i++) {
        System.out.print(permutation[i]);
    }
    System.out.println();
}

该算法计算每个排列的时间和空间复杂度为O(N)。

public class Permutation {
    public static <T> T[] getPermutation(long permutationNumber, T[] array, long[] factorials) {
        int[] sequence = generateSequence(permutationNumber, array.length - 1, factorials);
        T[] permutation = generatePermutation(array, sequence);

        return permutation;
    }

    public static <T> T[] generatePermutation(T[] array, int[] sequence) {
        T[] clone = array.clone();

        for (int i = 0; i < clone.length - 1; i++) {
            swap(clone, i, i + sequence[i]);
        }

        return clone;
    }

    private static int[] generateSequence(long permutationNumber, int size, long[] factorials) {
        int[] sequence = new int[size];

        for (int j = 0; j < sequence.length; j++) {
            long factorial = factorials[sequence.length - j];
            sequence[j] = (int) (permutationNumber / factorial);
            permutationNumber = (int) (permutationNumber % factorial);
        }

        return sequence;
    }

    private static <T> void swap(T[] array, int i, int j) {
        T t = array[i];
        array[i] = array[j];
        array[j] = t;
    }

    public static long[] getFactorials(int length) {
        long[] factorials = new long[length];
        long factor = 1;

        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            factor *= i <= 1 ? 1 : i;
            factorials[i] = factor;
        }

        return factorials;
    }
}

另一种简单的方法是遍历字符串，选择尚未使用的字符并将其放入缓冲区，继续循环，直到缓冲区大小等于字符串长度。我更喜欢这个回溯跟踪解决方案，因为:

容易理解 容易避免重复 输出是排序的

下面是java代码:

List<String> permute(String str) {
  if (str == null) {
    return null;
  }

  char[] chars = str.toCharArray();
  boolean[] used = new boolean[chars.length];

  List<String> res = new ArrayList<String>();
  StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

  Arrays.sort(chars);

  helper(chars, used, sb, res);

  return res;
}

void helper(char[] chars, boolean[] used, StringBuilder sb, List<String> res) {
  if (sb.length() == chars.length) {
    res.add(sb.toString());
    return;
  }

  for (int i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) {
    // avoid duplicates
    if (i > 0 && chars[i] == chars[i - 1] && !used[i - 1]) {
      continue;
    }

    // pick the character that has not used yet
    if (!used[i]) {
      used[i] = true;
      sb.append(chars[i]);

      helper(chars, used, sb, res);

      // back tracking
      sb.deleteCharAt(sb.length() - 1);
      used[i] = false;
    }
  }
}

str输入:1231

输出列表:{1123,1132,1213,1231,1312,1321,2113,2131,2311,3112,3121,3211}

注意，输出是排序的，没有重复的结果。

为排列和组合添加更详细的NcK/NcR

public static void combinationNcK(List<String> inputList, String prefix, int chooseCount, List<String> resultList) {
    if (chooseCount == 0)
        resultList.add(prefix);
    else {
        for (int i = 0; i < inputList.size(); i++)
            combinationNcK(inputList.subList(i + 1, inputList.size()), prefix + "," + inputList.get(i), chooseCount - 1, resultList);

        // Finally print once all combinations are done
        if (prefix.equalsIgnoreCase("")) {
            resultList.stream().map(str -> str.substring(1)).forEach(System.out::println);
        }
    }
}

public static void permNcK(List<String> inputList, int chooseCount, List<String> resultList) {
    for (int count = 0; count < inputList.size(); count++) {
        permNcK(inputList, "", chooseCount, resultList);
        resultList = new ArrayList<String>();
        Collections.rotate(inputList, 1);
        System.out.println("-------------------------");
    }

}

public static void permNcK(List<String> inputList, String prefix, int chooseCount, List<String> resultList) {
    if (chooseCount == 0)
        resultList.add(prefix);
    else {
        for (int i = 0; i < inputList.size(); i++)
            combinationNcK(inputList.subList(i + 1, inputList.size()), prefix + "," + inputList.get(i), chooseCount - 1, resultList);

        // Finally print once all combinations are done
        if (prefix.equalsIgnoreCase("")) {
            resultList.stream().map(str -> str.substring(1)).forEach(System.out::println);
        }
    }
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    List<String> positions = Arrays.asList(new String[] { "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8" });
    List<String> resultList = new ArrayList<String>();
    //combinationNcK(positions, "", 3, resultList);

    permNcK(positions, 3, resultList);

}