这张幻灯片很好地解释了主要的区别。

*选自CSE 403第16讲，华盛顿大学(幻灯片由“Marty Stepp”制作)

Stubs vs. Mocks Stubs provide specific answers to methods calls ex: myStubbedService.getValues() just return a String needed by the code under test used by code under test to isolate it cannot fail test ex: myStubbedService.getValues() just returns the stubbed value often implement abstract methods Mocks "superset" of stubs; can assert that certain methods are called ex: verify that myMockedService.getValues() is called only once used to test behaviour of code under test can fail test ex: verify that myMockedService.getValues() was called once; verification fails, because myMockedService.getValues() was not called by my tested code often mocks interfaces

下面是对每一个的描述，然后是真实世界的样本。

Dummy - just bogus values to satisfy the API. Example: If you're testing a method of a class which requires many mandatory parameters in a constructor which have no effect on your test, then you may create dummy objects for the purpose of creating new instances of a class. Fake - create a test implementation of a class which may have a dependency on some external infrastructure. (It's good practice that your unit test does NOT actually interact with external infrastructure.) Example: Create fake implementation for accessing a database, replace it with in-memory collection. Stub - override methods to return hard-coded values, also referred to as state-based. Example: Your test class depends on a method Calculate() taking 5 minutes to complete. Rather than wait for 5 minutes you can replace its real implementation with stub that returns hard-coded values; taking only a small fraction of the time. Mock - very similar to Stub but interaction-based rather than state-based. This means you don't expect from Mock to return some value, but to assume that specific order of method calls are made. Example: You're testing a user registration class. After calling Save, it should call SendConfirmationEmail.

存根和Mock实际上是Mock的子类型，两者都交换了实际实现和测试实现，但出于不同的、特定的原因。

关于这个问题，我认为Roy Osherove在他的书《单元测试的艺术》(85页)中给出了最简单、最清晰的答案。

判断我们正在处理存根的最简单方法是注意到存根永远不会通过测试。测试使用的断言总是反对的 被测试的班级。 另一方面，测试将使用一个模拟对象来验证 测试是否失败。[…] 同样，模拟对象是我们用来检查测试是否失败的对象。

Stub和mock都是假的。

如果您对假的进行断言，这意味着您将假的用作mock，如果您仅使用假的运行测试而没有对其进行断言，那么您将假的用作存根。

Mock——Mock拦截对一个方法或函数的调用(或者像模拟类那样的一组方法和函数)。它不是该方法或函数的替代品。在那次拦截中，mock可以做任何它想做的事情，比如记录输入和输出，决定短路调用，更改返回值，等等。

存根——存根是一个有效的方法或函数(或一组方法和函数，就像存根类一样)的完整工作实现，它与它存根的方法、函数或一组方法和函数具有相同的接口/签名。stub实现通常只会做在单元测试上下文中可以接受的事情，这意味着它不会做IO，同时模仿它要stub的东西的行为。

加上有用的答案，其中最强大的一点使用模拟比潜艇

如果合作者(主代码所依赖的合作者)不在我们的控制之下(例如来自第三方库)， 在这种情况下，stub比mock更难编写。