加上有用的答案，其中最强大的一点使用模拟比潜艇

如果合作者(主代码所依赖的合作者)不在我们的控制之下(例如来自第三方库)， 在这种情况下，stub比mock更难编写。

前言

有几个对象的定义是不真实的。一般的术语是双重测试。这个术语包括:dummy, fake, stub, mock。

参考

根据Martin Fowler的文章:

Dummy objects are passed around but never actually used. Usually they are just used to fill parameter lists. Fake objects actually have working implementations, but usually take some shortcut which makes them not suitable for production (an in memory database is a good example). Stubs provide canned answers to calls made during the test, usually not responding at all to anything outside what's programmed in for the test. Stubs may also record information about calls, such as an email gateway stub that remembers the messages it 'sent', or maybe only how many messages it 'sent'. Mocks are what we are talking about here: objects pre-programmed with expectations which form a specification of the calls they are expected to receive.

风格

模拟vs存根=行为测试vs状态测试

原则

根据每个测试只测试一件事的原则，一个测试中可能有几个存根，但一般只有一个mock。

生命周期

使用存根测试生命周期:

准备正在测试的对象和它的存根合作者。 锻炼——测试功能。 验证状态——使用断言来检查对象的状态。 Teardown -清理资源。

使用mock测试生命周期:

设置数据-准备正在测试的对象。 设置期望-在mock中准备主对象使用的期望。 锻炼——测试功能。 验证期望——验证在mock中调用了正确的方法。 验证状态——使用断言来检查对象的状态。 Teardown -清理资源。

总结

模拟测试和存根测试都给出了这个问题的答案:结果是什么?

使用模拟进行测试也感兴趣:结果是如何实现的?

Mock只是测试行为，确保调用了特定的方法。 Stub是特定对象的可测试版本(本质上)。

你说的苹果方式是什么意思?

在我的回答中，我使用了python示例来说明差异。

Stub - Stubbing is a software development technique used to implement methods of classes early in the development life-cycle. They are used commonly as placeholders for implementation of a known interface, where the interface is finalized or known but the implementation is not yet known or finalized. You begin with stubs, which simply means that you only write the definition of a function down and leave the actual code for later. The advantage is that you won't forget methods and you can continue to think about your design while seeing it in code. You can also have your stub return a static response so that the response can be used by other parts of your code immediately. Stub objects provide a valid response, but it's static no matter what input you pass in, you'll always get the same response:

class Foo(object):
    def bar1(self):
        pass

    def bar2(self):
        #or ...
        raise NotImplementedError

    def bar3(self):
        #or return dummy data
        return "Dummy Data"

模拟对象用于模拟测试用例，它们验证在这些对象上调用了某些方法。模拟对象是以可控的方式模拟真实对象行为的模拟对象。您通常创建一个模拟对象来测试其他对象的行为。mock让我们模拟对于单元测试来说不可用或太笨重的资源。

mymodule.py:

import os
import os.path

def rm(filename):
    if os.path.isfile(filename):
        os.remove(filename)

test.py:

from mymodule import rm
import mock
import unittest

class RmTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
    @mock.patch('mymodule.os')
    def test_rm(self, mock_os):
        rm("any path")
        # test that rm called os.remove with the right parameters
        mock_os.remove.assert_called_with("any path")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

这是一个非常基本的示例，它只运行rm并断言调用它的参数。您可以对对象使用mock，而不仅仅是这里所示的函数，您还可以返回一个值，这样模拟对象就可以用来替换存根进行测试。

更多关于unittest的信息。模拟，注意python 2。X mock不包含在unittest中，但它是一个可下载的模块，可以通过PIP (PIP install mock)下载。

我还读过Roy Osherove写的《单元测试的艺术》，我认为如果有一本类似的书是用Python和Python示例编写的，那就太棒了。如果有人知道这样的书，请分享。欢呼:)

他使用的通用术语是测试替身(想想特技替身)。Test Double是一个通用术语，用于为测试目的替换生产对象的任何情况。杰拉德列出了各种各样的替身:

Dummy objects are passed around but never actually used. Usually they are just used to fill parameter lists. Fake objects actually have working implementations, but usually take some shortcut which makes them not suitable for production (an InMemoryTestDatabase is a good example). Stubs provide canned answers to calls made during the test, usually not responding at all to anything outside what's programmed in for the test. Spies are stubs that also record some information based on how they were called. One form of this might be an email service that records how many messages it was sent(also called Partial Mock). Mocks are pre-programmed with expectations which form a specification of the calls they are expected to receive. They can throw an exception if they receive a call they don't expect and are checked during verification to ensure they got all the calls they were expecting.

源

在codeschool.com的课程《Rails僵尸测试》中，他们给出了这些术语的定义:

Stub

用于将方法替换为返回指定结果的代码。

Mock

带有调用方法的断言的存根。

因此，正如Sean Copenhaver在他的回答中所描述的那样，不同之处在于mock设置了期望(即做出断言，关于是否或如何调用它们)。