最明显的区别是。变量和tf。占位符是

使用变量保存和更新参数。变量是 包含张量的内存缓冲区。它们必须明确 已初始化，可以在培训期间和培训结束后保存到磁盘。你 可以稍后恢复保存的值以练习或分析模型。

变量的初始化使用sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())完成。另外，在创建变量时，你需要将一个Tensor作为它的初始值传递给variable()构造函数，当你创建一个变量时，你总是知道它的形状。

另一方面，您不能更新占位符。它们也不应该被初始化，但因为它们是一个有一个张量的承诺，你需要将值输入到它们sess.run(<op>， {a: <some_val>})。最后，与变量相比，占位符可能不知道形状。您可以提供部分维度，也可以什么都不提供。

还有其他区别:

the values inside the variable can be updated during optimizations variables can be shared, and can be non-trainable the values inside the variable can be stored after training when the variable is created, 3 ops are added to a graph (variable op, initializer op, ops for the initial value) placeholder is a function, Variable is a class (hence an uppercase) when you use TF in a distributed environment, variables are stored in a special place (parameter server) and are shared between the workers.

有趣的是，不仅可以提供占位符。您可以将值提供给变量，甚至是常量。

简而言之，使用tf。变量为可训练变量，如权重(W)和偏差(B)为您的模型。

weights = tf.Variable(
    tf.truncated_normal([IMAGE_PIXELS, hidden1_units],
                    stddev=1.0 / math.sqrt(float(IMAGE_PIXELS))), name='weights')

biases = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([hidden1_units]), name='biases')

特遣部队。占位符用于提供实际的训练示例。

images_placeholder = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(batch_size, IMAGE_PIXELS))
labels_placeholder = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=(batch_size))

这是你在训练中输入训练示例的方式:

for step in xrange(FLAGS.max_steps):
    feed_dict = {
       images_placeholder: images_feed,
       labels_placeholder: labels_feed,
     }
    _, loss_value = sess.run([train_op, loss], feed_dict=feed_dict)

你的助教。变量将被训练(修改)作为这个训练的结果。

详见https://www.tensorflow.org/versions/r0.7/tutorials/mnist/tf/index.html。(例子摘自网页。)

除了其他人的答案，他们在Tensoflow网站上的MNIST教程中也解释得很好:

We describe these interacting operations by manipulating symbolic variables. Let's create one: x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 784]), x isn't a specific value. It's a placeholder, a value that we'll input when we ask TensorFlow to run a computation. We want to be able to input any number of MNIST images, each flattened into a 784-dimensional vector. We represent this as a 2-D tensor of floating-point numbers, with a shape [None, 784]. (Here None means that a dimension can be of any length.) We also need the weights and biases for our model. We could imagine treating these like additional inputs, but TensorFlow has an even better way to handle it: Variable. A Variable is a modifiable tensor that lives in TensorFlow's graph of interacting operations. It can be used and even modified by the computation. For machine learning applications, one generally has the model parameters be Variables. W = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([784, 10])) b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([10])) We create these Variables by giving tf.Variable the initial value of the Variable: in this case, we initialize both W and b as tensors full of zeros. Since we are going to learn W and b, it doesn't matter very much what they initially are.

博士TL;

变量

为了学习参数 价值观可以从培训中获得 初始值是必需的(通常是随机的)

占位符

为数据分配存储(例如在馈送期间用于图像像素数据) 初始值不是必需的(但可以设置，参见tf.placeholder_with_default)

变量

TensorFlow变量是表示程序操纵的共享持久状态的最佳方式。变量是通过tf操作的。变量类。内部是一个tf。变量存储一个持久张量。特定的操作允许你读取和修改这个张量的值。这些修改在多个tf中可见。会话，因此多个工作人员可以看到tf.Variable的相同值。变量在使用前必须初始化。

例子:

x = tf.Variable(3, name="x")
y = tf.Variable(4, name="y")
f = x*x*y + y + 2

这将创建一个计算图。变量(x和y)可以被初始化，函数(f)在一个tensorflow会话中被计算，如下所示:

with tf.Session() as sess:
     x.initializer.run()
     y.initializer.run()
     result = f.eval()
print(result)
42

占位符

占位符是一个节点(与变量相同)，其值可以在将来初始化。这些节点基本上在运行时输出分配给它们的值。占位符节点可以使用tf.placeholder()类来分配，你可以为它提供参数，比如变量的类型和/或它的形状。占位符广泛用于表示机器学习模型中的训练数据集，因为训练数据集不断变化。

例子:

A = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, 3))
B = A + 5

注意:维度的“None”表示“任何大小”。

with tf.Session as sess:
    B_val_1 = B.eval(feed_dict={A: [[1, 2, 3]]})
    B_val_2 = B.eval(feed_dict={A: [[4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]})

print(B_val_1)
[[6. 7. 8.]]
print(B_val_2)
[[9. 10. 11.]
 [12. 13. 14.]]

引用:

https://www.tensorflow.org/guide/variables https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/placeholder O'Reilly:使用Scikit-Learn和Tensorflow进行动手机器学习

占位符:

A placeholder is simply a variable that we will assign data to at a later date. It allows us to create our operations and build our computation graph, without needing the data. In TensorFlow terminology, we then feed data into the graph through these placeholders. Initial values are not required but can have default values with tf.placeholder_with_default) We have to provide value at runtime like : a = tf.placeholder(tf.int16) // initialize placeholder value b = tf.placeholder(tf.int16) // initialize placeholder value use it using session like : sess.run(add, feed_dict={a: 2, b: 3}) // this value we have to assign at runtime

变量:

TensorFlow变量是表示共享的最佳方式， 由程序操纵的持久状态。 变量是通过tf操作的。变量类。一个特遣部队。变量 表示一个张量，其值可以通过对其运行操作来改变。

例如:tf。变量("欢迎来到tensorflow!! ")