除了这些不错的答案，我想Jeff Edmonds在《如何思考算法》(How to Think About Algorithms)中举的一个很好的例子可以很好地说明这个概念:

EXAMPLE 1.2.1 "The Find-Max Two-Finger Algorithm" 1) Specifications: An input instance consists of a list L(1..n) of elements. The output consists of an index i such that L(i) has maximum value. If there are multiple entries with this same value, then any one of them is returned. 2) Basic Steps: You decide on the two-finger method. Your right finger runs down the list. 3) Measure of Progress: The measure of progress is how far along the list your right finger is. 4) The Loop Invariant: The loop invariant states that your left finger points to one of the largest entries encountered so far by your right finger. 5) Main Steps: Each iteration, you move your right finger down one entry in the list. If your right finger is now pointing at an entry that is larger then the left finger’s entry, then move your left finger to be with your right finger. 6) Make Progress: You make progress because your right finger moves one entry. 7) Maintain Loop Invariant: You know that the loop invariant has been maintained as follows. For each step, the new left finger element is Max(old left finger element, new element). By the loop invariant, this is Max(Max(shorter list), new element). Mathe- matically, this is Max(longer list). 8) Establishing the Loop Invariant: You initially establish the loop invariant by point- ing both fingers to the first element. 9) Exit Condition: You are done when your right finger has finished traversing the list. 10) Ending: In the end, we know the problem is solved as follows. By the exit condi- tion, your right finger has encountered all of the entries. By the loop invariant, your left finger points at the maximum of these. Return this entry. 11) Termination and Running Time: The time required is some constant times the length of the list. 12) Special Cases: Check what happens when there are multiple entries with the same value or when n = 0 or n = 1. 13) Coding and Implementation Details: ... 14) Formal Proof: The correctness of the algorithm follows from the above steps.

《如何思考算法》的定义，Jeff Edmonds著

循环不变式是放置在循环和循环顶部的断言 每次计算返回到循环的顶部时，这必须成立。

不变的意思是永不改变

这里循环不变量的意思是“发生在循环中的变量的变化(增加或减少)并没有改变循环条件，即条件是满足的”，因此循环不变量的概念就产生了

循环不变量是在循环执行前后为真的断言。

在线性搜索(根据书中给出的练习)中，我们需要在给定的数组中找到值V。

它很简单，从0 <= k < length开始扫描数组并比较每个元素。如果找到V，或者扫描到数组的长度，就终止循环。

根据我对上述问题的理解-

循环不变量(初始化): 在k - 1迭代中找不到V。第一次迭代，这是-1因此我们可以说V不在-1位置

保养: 在下一次迭代中，V不在k-1中成立

Terminatation: 如果V位于k个位置，或者k达到数组的长度，则终止循环。

在这种情况下，不变量意味着在每次循环迭代的某一点上必须为真条件。

在契约编程中，不变量是在调用任何公共方法之前和之后必须为真(通过契约)的条件。