下面是查看最大元素及其位置的一个非常简单的方法。这里轴是定义域;对于2D情况，axis = 0表示列的最大数量，axis = 1表示行的最大数量。对于高维，这取决于你。

M = np.random.random((3, 4))
print(M)
print(M.max(axis=1), M.argmax(axis=1))

如果你碰巧在使用一个多维数组，那么你需要平展和解开索引:

def largest_indices(ary, n):
    """Returns the n largest indices from a numpy array."""
    flat = ary.flatten()
    indices = np.argpartition(flat, -n)[-n:]
    indices = indices[np.argsort(-flat[indices])]
    return np.unravel_index(indices, ary.shape)

例如:

>>> xs = np.sin(np.arange(9)).reshape((3, 3))
>>> xs
array([[ 0.        ,  0.84147098,  0.90929743],
       [ 0.14112001, -0.7568025 , -0.95892427],
       [-0.2794155 ,  0.6569866 ,  0.98935825]])
>>> largest_indices(xs, 3)
(array([2, 0, 0]), array([2, 2, 1]))
>>> xs[largest_indices(xs, 3)]
array([ 0.98935825,  0.90929743,  0.84147098])

Use:

def max_indices(arr, k):
    '''
    Returns the indices of the k first largest elements of arr
    (in descending order in values)
    '''
    assert k <= arr.size, 'k should be smaller or equal to the array size'
    arr_ = arr.astype(float)  # make a copy of arr
    max_idxs = []
    for _ in range(k):
        max_element = np.max(arr_)
        if np.isinf(max_element):
            break
        else:
            idx = np.where(arr_ == max_element)
        max_idxs.append(idx)
        arr_[idx] = -np.inf
    return max_idxs

它也适用于2D数组。例如,

In [0]: A = np.array([[ 0.51845014,  0.72528114],
                     [ 0.88421561,  0.18798661],
                     [ 0.89832036,  0.19448609],
                     [ 0.89832036,  0.19448609]])
In [1]: max_indices(A, 8)
Out[1]:
    [(array([2, 3], dtype=int64), array([0, 0], dtype=int64)),
     (array([1], dtype=int64), array([0], dtype=int64)),
     (array([0], dtype=int64), array([1], dtype=int64)),
     (array([0], dtype=int64), array([0], dtype=int64)),
     (array([2, 3], dtype=int64), array([1, 1], dtype=int64)),
     (array([1], dtype=int64), array([1], dtype=int64))]

In [2]: A[max_indices(A, 8)[0]][0]
Out[2]: array([ 0.89832036])

您可以简单地使用字典来查找numpy数组中的前k个值和下标。 例如，如果你想找到前2个最大值和索引

import numpy as np
nums = np.array([0.2, 0.3, 0.25, 0.15, 0.1])


def TopK(x, k):
    a = dict([(i, j) for i, j in enumerate(x)])
    sorted_a = dict(sorted(a.items(), key = lambda kv:kv[1], reverse=True))
    indices = list(sorted_a.keys())[:k]
    values = list(sorted_a.values())[:k]
    return (indices, values)

print(f"Indices: {TopK(nums, k = 2)[0]}")
print(f"Values: {TopK(nums, k = 2)[1]}")


Indices: [1, 2]
Values: [0.3, 0.25]

较新的NumPy版本(1.8及以上)有一个名为argpartition的函数。要得到四个最大元素的索引，请执行以下操作

>>> a = np.array([9, 4, 4, 3, 3, 9, 0, 4, 6, 0])
>>> a
array([9, 4, 4, 3, 3, 9, 0, 4, 6, 0])

>>> ind = np.argpartition(a, -4)[-4:]
>>> ind
array([1, 5, 8, 0])

>>> top4 = a[ind]
>>> top4
array([4, 9, 6, 9])

与argsort不同，这个函数在最坏的情况下以线性时间运行，但返回的索引没有排序，这可以从求值a[ind]的结果中看出。如果你也需要，那就把它们分类:

>>> ind[np.argsort(a[ind])]
array([1, 8, 5, 0])

以这种方式获得排在前k位的元素需要O(n + k log k)时间。

使用argpartition的向量化2D实现:

k = 3
probas = np.array([
    [.6, .1, .15, .15],
    [.1, .6, .15, .15],
    [.3, .1, .6, 0],
])

k_indices = np.argpartition(-probas, k-1, axis=-1)[:, :k]

# adjust indices to apply in flat array
adjuster = np.arange(probas.shape[0]) * probas.shape[1]
adjuster = np.broadcast_to(adjuster[:, None], k_indices.shape)
k_indices_flat = k_indices + adjuster

k_values = probas.flatten()[k_indices_flat]

# k_indices:
# array([[0, 2, 3],
#        [1, 2, 3],
#        [2, 0, 1]])
# k_values:
# array([[0.6 , 0.15, 0.15],
#        [0.6 , 0.15, 0.15],
#       [0.6 , 0.3 , 0.1 ]])