由于这是关于这个话题最受欢迎的讨论，我将在这里补充我从2019年底到2020年初的经验。为了补充现有的答案-我的重点是找到一个准确和快速(即向量化)的解决方案。

让我们从这里最常用的答案——哈弗辛方法开始。向量化是很简单的，参见下面python中的例子:

def haversine(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2):
    """
    Calculate the great circle distance between two points
    on the earth (specified in decimal degrees)

    All args must be of equal length.
    Distances are in meters.
    
    Ref:
    https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29545704/fast-haversine-approximation-python-pandas
    https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/magics.html
    """
    Radius = 6.371e6
    lon1, lat1, lon2, lat2 = map(np.radians, [lon1, lat1, lon2, lat2])

    dlon = lon2 - lon1
    dlat = lat2 - lat1

    a = np.sin(dlat/2.0)**2 + np.cos(lat1) * np.cos(lat2) * np.sin(dlon/2.0)**2

    c = 2 * np.arcsin(np.sqrt(a))
    s12 = Radius * c
    
    # initial azimuth in degrees
    y = np.sin(lon2-lon1) * np.cos(lat2)
    x = np.cos(lat1)*np.sin(lat2) - np.sin(lat1)*np.cos(lat2)*np.cos(dlon)
    azi1 = np.arctan2(y, x)*180./math.pi

    return {'s12':s12, 'azi1': azi1}

就精确度而言，它是最不准确的。维基百科在没有任何来源的情况下表示相对偏差平均为0.5%。我的实验显示偏差较小。以下是10万个随机点与我的库的比较，应该精确到毫米级:

np.random.seed(42)
lats1 = np.random.uniform(-90,90,100000)
lons1 = np.random.uniform(-180,180,100000)
lats2 = np.random.uniform(-90,90,100000)
lons2 = np.random.uniform(-180,180,100000)
r1 = inverse(lats1, lons1, lats2, lons2)
r2 = haversine(lats1, lons1, lats2, lons2)
print("Max absolute error: {:4.2f}m".format(np.max(r1['s12']-r2['s12'])))
print("Mean absolute error: {:4.2f}m".format(np.mean(r1['s12']-r2['s12'])))
print("Max relative error: {:4.2f}%".format(np.max((r2['s12']/r1['s12']-1)*100)))
print("Mean relative error: {:4.2f}%".format(np.mean((r2['s12']/r1['s12']-1)*100)))

输出:

Max absolute error: 26671.47m
Mean absolute error: -2499.84m
Max relative error: 0.55%
Mean relative error: -0.02%

因此，在10万对随机坐标上，平均偏差为2.5km，这可能对大多数情况都是好的。

下一个选择是Vincenty公式，精确到毫米，这取决于收敛标准，也可以向量化。它确实有在对跖点附近收敛的问题。你可以通过放宽收敛标准使其收敛于这些点，但准确度会下降到0.25%甚至更多。在对映点之外，Vincenty将提供与地理库相近的结果，相对误差小于1。平均是E-6。

这里提到的Geographiclib实际上是当前的黄金标准。它有几个实现，而且相当快，特别是如果你使用的是c++版本。

Now, if you are planning to use Python for anything above 10k points I'd suggest to consider my vectorized implementation. I created a geovectorslib library with vectorized Vincenty routine for my own needs, which uses Geographiclib as fallback for near antipodal points. Below is the comparison vs Geographiclib for 100k points. As you can see it provides up to 20x improvement for inverse and 100x for direct methods for 100k points and the gap will grow with number of points. Accuracy-wise it will be within 1.e-5 rtol of Georgraphiclib.

Direct method for 100,000 points
94.9 ms ± 25 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)
9.79 s ± 1.4 s per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)

Inverse method for 100,000 points
1.5 s ± 504 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)
24.2 s ± 3.91 s per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)

这个链接可能对你有帮助，因为它详细介绍了使用哈弗辛公式来计算距离。

摘录:

这个脚本计算两点之间的大圆距离 也就是说，在地球表面上的最短距离-使用 “半正矢”公式。

function getDistanceFromLatLonInKm(lat1,lon1,lat2,lon2) {
  var R = 6371; // Radius of the earth in km
  var dLat = deg2rad(lat2-lat1);  // deg2rad below
  var dLon = deg2rad(lon2-lon1); 
  var a = 
    Math.sin(dLat/2) * Math.sin(dLat/2) +
    Math.cos(deg2rad(lat1)) * Math.cos(deg2rad(lat2)) * 
    Math.sin(dLon/2) * Math.sin(dLon/2)
    ; 
  var c = 2 * Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(a), Math.sqrt(1-a)); 
  var d = R * c; // Distance in km
  return d;
}

function deg2rad(deg) {
  return deg * (Math.PI/180)
}

下面是移植到Java的已接受的答案实现，以备任何人需要。

package com.project529.garage.util;


/**
 * Mean radius.
 */
private static double EARTH_RADIUS = 6371;

/**
 * Returns the distance between two sets of latitudes and longitudes in meters.
 * <p/>
 * Based from the following JavaScript SO answer:
 * http://stackoverflow.com/questions/27928/calculate-distance-between-two-latitude-longitude-points-haversine-formula,
 * which is based on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haversine_formula (error rate: ~0.55%).
 */
public double getDistanceBetween(double lat1, double lon1, double lat2, double lon2) {
    double dLat = toRadians(lat2 - lat1);
    double dLon = toRadians(lon2 - lon1);

    double a = Math.sin(dLat / 2) * Math.sin(dLat / 2) +
            Math.cos(toRadians(lat1)) * Math.cos(toRadians(lat2)) *
                    Math.sin(dLon / 2) * Math.sin(dLon / 2);
    double c = 2 * Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(a), Math.sqrt(1 - a));
    double d = EARTH_RADIUS * c;

    return d;
}

public double toRadians(double degrees) {
    return degrees * (Math.PI / 180);
}

下面是一个Scala实现:

  def calculateHaversineDistance(lat1: Double, lon1: Double, lat2: Double, lon2: Double): Double = {
    val long2 = lon2 * math.Pi / 180
    val lat2 = lat2 * math.Pi / 180
    val long1 = lon1 * math.Pi / 180
    val lat1 = lat1 * math.Pi / 180

    val dlon = long2 - long1
    val dlat = lat2 - lat1
    val a = math.pow(math.sin(dlat / 2), 2) + math.cos(lat1) * math.cos(lat2) * math.pow(math.sin(dlon / 2), 2)
    val c = 2 * math.atan2(Math.sqrt(a), math.sqrt(1 - a))
    val haversineDistance = 3961 * c // 3961 = radius of earth in miles
    haversineDistance
  }

FSharp版本，使用里程:

let radialDistanceHaversine location1 location2 : float = 
                let degreeToRadian degrees = degrees * System.Math.PI / 180.0
                let earthRadius = 3959.0
                let deltaLat = location2.Latitude - location1.Latitude |> degreeToRadian
                let deltaLong = location2.Longitude - location1.Longitude |> degreeToRadian
                let a =
                    (deltaLat / 2.0 |> sin) ** 2.0
                    + (location1.Latitude |> degreeToRadian |> cos)
                    * (location2.Latitude |> degreeToRadian |> cos)
                    * (deltaLong / 2.0 |> sin) ** 2.0
                atan2 (a |> sqrt) (1.0 - a |> sqrt)
                * 2.0
                * earthRadius

要计算球体上两点之间的距离，你需要做大圆计算。

如果你需要将距离重新投影到平面上，MapTools中有许多C/ c++库可以帮助你进行地图投影。要做到这一点，你需要不同坐标系的投影字符串。

你可能还会发现MapWindow是一个可视化点的有用工具。此外，由于它是开源的，它是如何使用project.dll库的有用指南，它似乎是核心的开源投影库。