一个伟大的职位处理几个情况，从简单，到差距，到不均匀与差距。

http://jan.kneschke.de/projects/mysql/order-by-rand/

对于大多数一般情况，你可以这样做:

SELECT name
  FROM random AS r1 JOIN
       (SELECT CEIL(RAND() *
                     (SELECT MAX(id)
                        FROM random)) AS id)
        AS r2
 WHERE r1.id >= r2.id
 ORDER BY r1.id ASC
 LIMIT 1

这假设id的分布是相等的，并且id列表中可能存在间隙。有关更高级的示例，请参阅本文

以下内容应该是快速的，公正的，独立于id列的。但是，它不能保证返回的行数与请求的行数匹配。

SELECT *
FROM t
WHERE RAND() < (SELECT 10 / COUNT(*) FROM t)

解释:假设你想要100行中的10行，那么每一行都有1/10的概率被选中，这可以通过WHERE RAND() < 0.1来实现。这种方法不能保证有10行;但是如果查询运行了足够多的次数，那么每次执行的平均行数将在10左右，并且表中的每一行都将被均匀地选择。

我改进了@Riedsio的答案。这是我在一个有间隙的大型均匀分布表上能找到的最有效的查询(测试从一个有> 2.6B行的表中获得1000个随机行)。

(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max := (SELECT MAX(id) FROM table)) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
(SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1)

让我来解释一下发生了什么。

(SELECT MAX(id) FROM table) 我在计算并保存最大值。对于非常大的表，每次需要一行时计算MAX(id)都会有轻微的开销 SELECT FLOOR(rand() * @max) + 1 as rand) 获取一个随机id SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN(… 这就填补了空白。基本上，如果你在间隙中随机选择一个数字，它就会选择下一个id。假设间隙是均匀分布的，这应该不是问题。

进行联合可以帮助您将所有内容放入一个查询中，从而避免进行多个查询。它还可以节省计算MAX(id)的开销。根据您的应用程序，这可能非常重要，也可能无关紧要。

注意，这只获取id，并以随机顺序获取它们。如果你想做更高级的事情，我建议你这样做:

SELECT t.id, t.name -- etc, etc
FROM table t
INNER JOIN (
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max := (SELECT MAX(id) FROM table)) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1) UNION
    (SELECT id FROM table INNER JOIN (SELECT FLOOR(RAND() * @max) + 1 as rand) r on id > rand LIMIT 1)
) x ON x.id = t.id
ORDER BY t.id

我是这样做的:

select * 
from table_with_600k_rows
where rand() < 10/600000
limit 10

我喜欢它，因为它不需要其他表，写起来很简单，执行起来非常快。

您可以轻松地使用带限制的随机偏移量

PREPARE stm from 'select * from table limit 10 offset ?';
SET @total = (select count(*) from table);
SET @_offset = FLOOR(RAND() * @total);
EXECUTE stm using @_offset;

您还可以像这样应用where子句

PREPARE stm from 'select * from table where available=true limit 10 offset ?';
SET @total = (select count(*) from table where available=true);
SET @_offset = FLOOR(RAND() * @total);
EXECUTE stm using @_offset;

在600,000行(700MB)表查询执行上的测试花费了大约0.016秒的硬盘驱动器时间。

EDIT:偏移量可能取接近表末尾的值，这将导致select语句返回更少的行(或者可能只有一行)，为了避免这种情况，我们可以在声明偏移量后再次检查，如下所示

SET @rows_count = 10;
PREPARE stm from "select * from table where available=true limit ? offset ?";
SET @total = (select count(*) from table where available=true);
SET @_offset = FLOOR(RAND() * @total);
SET @_offset = (SELECT IF(@total-@_offset<@rows_count,@_offset-@rows_count,@_offset));
SET @_offset = (SELECT IF(@_offset<0,0,@_offset));
EXECUTE stm using @rows_count,@_offset;

我使用了Riedsio发布的http://jan.kneschke.de/projects/mysql/order-by-rand/(我使用了返回一个或多个随机值的存储过程的情况):

   DROP TEMPORARY TABLE IF EXISTS rands;
   CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE rands ( rand_id INT );

    loop_me: LOOP
        IF cnt < 1 THEN
          LEAVE loop_me;
        END IF;

        INSERT INTO rands
           SELECT r1.id
             FROM random AS r1 JOIN
                  (SELECT (RAND() *
                                (SELECT MAX(id)
                                   FROM random)) AS id)
                   AS r2
            WHERE r1.id >= r2.id
            ORDER BY r1.id ASC
            LIMIT 1;

        SET cnt = cnt - 1;
      END LOOP loop_me;

在这篇文章中，他通过维护一个表(使用触发器等)解决了id中的间隙导致不那么随机的结果的问题。参见文章); 我通过向表中添加另一列来解决这个问题，用连续的数字填充，从1开始(编辑:此列添加到运行时由子查询创建的临时表中，不影响永久表):

   DROP TEMPORARY TABLE IF EXISTS rands;
   CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE rands ( rand_id INT );

    loop_me: LOOP
        IF cnt < 1 THEN
          LEAVE loop_me;
        END IF;

        SET @no_gaps_id := 0;

        INSERT INTO rands
           SELECT r1.id
             FROM (SELECT id, @no_gaps_id := @no_gaps_id + 1 AS no_gaps_id FROM random) AS r1 JOIN
                  (SELECT (RAND() *
                                (SELECT COUNT(*)
                                   FROM random)) AS id)
                   AS r2
            WHERE r1.no_gaps_id >= r2.id
            ORDER BY r1.no_gaps_id ASC
            LIMIT 1;

        SET cnt = cnt - 1;
      END LOOP loop_me;

在文章中，我可以看到他花了很大的精力来优化代码;我不知道我的改变是否/有多大影响性能，但对我来说非常好。