我想知道malloc和free是怎么工作的。
int main() {
unsigned char *p = (unsigned char*)malloc(4*sizeof(unsigned char));
memset(p,0,4);
strcpy((char*)p,"abcdabcd"); // **deliberately storing 8bytes**
cout << p;
free(p); // Obvious Crash, but I need how it works and why crash.
cout << p;
return 0;
}
如果答案是在记忆层面上的深度,如果可能的话,我会非常感激。
How malloc() and free() works depends on the runtime library used. Generally, malloc() allocates a heap (a block of memory) from the operating system. Each request to malloc() then allocates a small chunk of this memory be returning a pointer to the caller. The memory allocation routines will have to store some extra information about the block of memory allocated to be able to keep track of used and free memory on the heap. This information is often stored in a few bytes just before the pointer returned by malloc() and it can be a linked list of memory blocks.
通过写入超过malloc()分配的内存块,您很可能会破坏下一个块的一些簿记信息,这些信息可能是剩余的未使用的内存块。
在向缓冲区复制太多字符时,程序也可能崩溃。如果额外的字符位于堆之外,当您试图写入不存在的内存时,可能会遇到访问冲突。
您的strcpy行尝试存储9个字节,而不是8个字节,因为有NUL结束符。它调用未定义的行为。
The call to free may or may not crash. The memory "after" the 4 bytes of your allocation might be used for something else by your C or C++ implementation. If it is used for something else, then scribbling all over it will cause that "something else" to go wrong, but if it isn't used for anything else, then you could happen to get away with it. "Getting away with it" might sound good, but is actually bad, since it means your code will appear to run OK, but on a future run you might not get away with it.
使用调试风格的内存分配器,您可能会发现在那里写了一个特殊的保护值,free会检查该值,如果没有找到它就会惊慌失措。
否则,您可能会发现接下来的5个字节包括属于某个尚未分配的其他内存块的链接节点的一部分。释放块很可能涉及将其添加到可用块的列表中,并且由于您在列表节点中乱写了代码,该操作可能会解除对具有无效值的指针的引用,从而导致崩溃。
这完全取决于内存分配器——不同的实现使用不同的机制。
这取决于内存分配器的实现和操作系统。
Under windows for example a process can ask for a page or more of RAM. The OS then assigns those pages to the process. This is not, however, memory allocated to your application. The CRT memory allocator will mark the memory as a contiguous "available" block. The CRT memory allocator will then run through the list of free blocks and find the smallest possible block that it can use. It will then take as much of that block as it needs and add it to an "allocated" list. Attached to the head of the actual memory allocation will be a header. This header will contain various bit of information (it could, for example, contain the next and previous allocated blocks to form a linked list. It will most probably contain the size of the allocation).
Free将删除头文件并将其添加回空闲内存列表。如果它与周围的自由块形成一个更大的块,这些块将被加在一起,形成一个更大的块。如果整个页面现在是空闲的,分配器很可能会将该页返回给操作系统。
这不是一个简单的问题。操作系统分配器部分完全不受您的控制。我建议您阅读Doug Lea的Malloc (DLMalloc)之类的东西,以了解一个相当快的分配器是如何工作的。
编辑:你的崩溃将由这样一个事实引起,即写大于分配,你已经覆盖了下一个内存头。这样,当它释放时,它会非常困惑,不知道它到底释放了什么,以及如何合并到下面的块中。这可能并不总是会直接导致免费的崩溃。这可能会导致以后的崩溃。一般避免内存覆盖!