只是把从答案中得到的一些想法写下来。

Hashing uses modulus so any value can fit into a given range We want to randomize collisions Randomize collision meaning there are no patterns as how collisions would happen, or, changing a small part in input would result a completely different hash value To randomize collision, avoid using the base (10 in decimal, 16 in hex) as modulus, because 11 % 10 -> 1, 21 % 10 -> 1, 31 % 10 -> 1, it shows a clear pattern of hash value distribution: value with same last digits will collide Avoid using powers of base (10^2, 10^3, 10^n) as modulus because it also creates a pattern: value with same last n digits matters will collide Actually, avoid using any thing that has factors other than itself and 1, because it creates a pattern: multiples of a factor will be hashed into selected values For example, 9 has 3 as factor, thus 3, 6, 9, ...999213 will always be hashed into 0, 3, 6 12 has 3 and 2 as factor, thus 2n will always be hashed into 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 3n will always be hashed into 0, 3, 6, 9 This will be a problem if input is not evenly distributed, e.g. if many values are of 3n, then we only get 1/3 of all possible hash values and collision is high So by using a prime as a modulus, the only pattern is that multiple of the modulus will always hash into 0, otherwise hash values distributions are evenly spread

http://computinglife.wordpress.com/2008/11/20/why-do-hash-functions-use-prime-numbers/

解释得很清楚，还有图片。

编辑:作为一个总结，使用质数是因为当数值乘以所选质数并将它们全部相加时，获得唯一值的可能性最大。例如，给定一个字符串，将每个字母的值与质数相乘，然后将它们全部相加，就会得到它的哈希值。

一个更好的问题是，为什么是数字31?

Primes are unique numbers. They are unique in that, the product of a prime with any other number has the best chance of being unique (not as unique as the prime itself of-course) due to the fact that a prime is used to compose it. This property is used in hashing functions. Given a string “Samuel”, you can generate a unique hash by multiply each of the constituent digits or letters with a prime number and adding them up. This is why primes are used. However using primes is an old technique. The key here to understand that as long as you can generate a sufficiently unique key you can move to other hashing techniques too. Go here for more on this topic about http://www.azillionmonkeys.com/qed/hash.html

http://computinglife.wordpress.com/2008/11/20/why-do-hash-functions-use-prime-numbers/

我读过一个流行的wordpress网站，上面有一些流行的答案。根据我的理解，我想分享一个简单的观察。

你可以在这篇文章中找到所有的细节，但假设以下是正确的:

使用质数给我们提供了一个唯一值的“最佳机会”

一个通用的hashmap实现需要有两个东西是唯一的。

键的唯一哈希码 用于存储实际值的唯一索引

我们如何得到唯一索引?通过使内部容器的初始大小也是质数。基本上，质数的存在是因为它具有产生唯一数字的独特特性，我们最终用它来标识对象并在内部容器中查找索引。

例子:

Key = " Key "

Value = " Value " uniqueId = "k" * 31 ^ 2 + "e" * 31 ^ 1 ' + “y”

映射到唯一id

现在我们想要一个独特的位置来存放我们的价值，所以我们

uniqueId % internalContainerSize == uniqueLocationForValue，假设internalContainerSize也是质数。

我知道这是简化的，但我希望你能理解我的大意。

Primes are used because you have good chances of obtaining a unique value for a typical hash-function which uses polynomials modulo P. Say, you use such hash-function for strings of length <= N, and you have a collision. That means that 2 different polynomials produce the same value modulo P. The difference of those polynomials is again a polynomial of the same degree N (or less). It has no more than N roots (this is here the nature of math shows itself, since this claim is only true for a polynomial over a field => prime number). So if N is much less than P, you are likely not to have a collision. After that, experiment can probably show that 37 is big enough to avoid collisions for a hash-table of strings which have length 5-10, and is small enough to use for calculations.

我想说，这个链接的第一个答案是我找到的关于这个问题的最清晰的答案。

考虑键K ={0,1，…，100}和一个哈希表，其中桶数为m = 12。因为3是12的因数，所以是3倍数的键将被散列到是3倍数的存储桶中:

键{0,12、24、36…}将被散列到bucket 0。 键{3,15日,27日,39岁,…}将被散列到桶3。 键{42 6日,18日,30日,…}将被散列到桶6。 键{9日,21日,33岁,45岁,…}将被散列到桶9。

如果K是均匀分布的(即K中的每个键出现的可能性都是相等的)，那么m的选择就不是那么关键了。但是，如果K不是均匀分布的呢?想象最有可能出现的键是3的倍数。在这种情况下，所有不是3倍数的桶都很可能是空的(这在哈希表性能方面非常糟糕)。

这种情况比看起来更常见。例如，想象一下，您正在根据对象在内存中的存储位置来跟踪它们。如果您的计算机的字大小是4个字节，那么您将哈希键是4的倍数。不用说，选择m是4的倍数将是一个糟糕的选择:你将有3m/4个桶完全空了，所有的键都在剩下的m/4个桶中碰撞。

一般来说:

K中每一个与桶数m有公因数的键都将被哈希为这个因数的倍数。

因此，为了尽量减少碰撞，减少m和k的元素之间的公因数的数量是很重要的，这是如何实现的呢?通过选择m是一个因数很少的数，一个质数。

来自马里奥的回答。