我想将两个词典融入一个新的词典。
x = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
y = {'b': 3, 'c': 4}
z = merge(x, y)
>>> z
{'a': 1, 'b': 3, 'c': 4}
每当两个字典中都有一个关键 k 时,只应保留 y(k) 的值。
我想将两个词典融入一个新的词典。
x = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
y = {'b': 3, 'c': 4}
z = merge(x, y)
>>> z
{'a': 1, 'b': 3, 'c': 4}
每当两个字典中都有一个关键 k 时,只应保留 y(k) 的值。
当前回答
我将所提出的与 perfplot 比较,并发现
x | y # Python 3.9+
是最快的解决方案,与旧的好解决方案
{**x, **y}
和
temp = x.copy()
temp.update(y)
此分類上一篇
重复字符的代码:
from collections import ChainMap
from itertools import chain
import perfplot
def setup(n):
x = dict(zip(range(n), range(n)))
y = dict(zip(range(n, 2 * n), range(n, 2 * n)))
return x, y
def copy_update(x, y):
temp = x.copy()
temp.update(y)
return temp
def add_items(x, y):
return dict(list(x.items()) + list(y.items()))
def curly_star(x, y):
return {**x, **y}
def chain_map(x, y):
return dict(ChainMap({}, y, x))
def itertools_chain(x, y):
return dict(chain(x.items(), y.items()))
def python39_concat(x, y):
return x | y
b = perfplot.bench(
setup=setup,
kernels=[
copy_update,
add_items,
curly_star,
chain_map,
itertools_chain,
python39_concat,
],
labels=[
"copy_update",
"dict(list(x.items()) + list(y.items()))",
"{**x, **y}",
"chain_map",
"itertools.chain",
"x | y",
],
n_range=[2 ** k for k in range(18)],
xlabel="len(x), len(y)",
equality_check=None,
)
b.save("out.png")
b.show()
其他回答
在这里和其他地方绘制想法,我已经理解了一个功能:
def merge(*dicts, **kv):
return { k:v for d in list(dicts) + [kv] for k,v in d.items() }
使用(在Python 3中测试):
assert (merge({1:11,'a':'aaa'},{1:99, 'b':'bbb'},foo='bar')==\
{1: 99, 'foo': 'bar', 'b': 'bbb', 'a': 'aaa'})
assert (merge(foo='bar')=={'foo': 'bar'})
assert (merge({1:11},{1:99},foo='bar',baz='quux')==\
{1: 99, 'foo': 'bar', 'baz':'quux'})
assert (merge({1:11},{1:99})=={1: 99})
你可以用Lambda。
x = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
y = {'b': 3, 'c': 4}
>>> z
{'a': 1, 'b': 3, 'c': 4}
z = {**x, **y}
z = {**x, 'foo': 1, 'bar': 2, **y}
>>> z
{'a': 1, 'b': 3, 'foo': 1, 'bar': 2, 'c': 4}
z = x.copy()
z.update(y) # which returns None since it mutates z
def merge_two_dicts(x, y):
"""Given two dictionaries, merge them into a new dict as a shallow copy."""
z = x.copy()
z.update(y)
return z
z = merge_two_dicts(x, y)
def merge_dicts(*dict_args):
"""
Given any number of dictionaries, shallow copy and merge into a new dict,
precedence goes to key-value pairs in latter dictionaries.
"""
result = {}
for dictionary in dict_args:
result.update(dictionary)
return result
z = merge_dicts(a, b, c, d, e, f, g)
和 g 的关键值对将先行于字典 a 到 f 等。
z = dict(x.items() + y.items())
>>> c = dict(a.items() + b.items())
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'dict_items' and 'dict_items'
同样,在 Python 3 (viewitems() 在 Python 2.7) 中采取元素的合并也会失败,当值是不可破坏的对象(如列表,例如)。即使您的值是可破坏的,因为套件是无形的,行为与先例无定义。
>>> c = dict(a.items() | b.items())
>>> x = {'a': []}
>>> y = {'b': []}
>>> dict(x.items() | y.items())
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
>>> x = {'a': 2}
>>> y = {'a': 1}
>>> dict(x.items() | y.items())
{'a': 2}
另一个你不应该使用的黑客:
z = dict(x, **y)
字典的目的是采取可触摸的密钥(例如,frozensets或tuples),但这种方法在Python 3中失败,当密钥不是线条时。
>>> c = dict(a, **b)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: keyword arguments must be strings
和
dict(a=1, b=10, c=11)
{'a': 1, 'b': 10, 'c': 11}
>>> foo(**{('a', 'b'): None})
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: foo() keywords must be strings
>>> dict(**{('a', 'b'): None})
{('a', 'b'): None}
我的答案: merge_two_dicts(x,y)实际上对我来说看起来更清楚,如果我们实际上对可读性感兴趣。
from copy import deepcopy
def dict_of_dicts_merge(x, y):
z = {}
overlapping_keys = x.keys() & y.keys()
for key in overlapping_keys:
z[key] = dict_of_dicts_merge(x[key], y[key])
for key in x.keys() - overlapping_keys:
z[key] = deepcopy(x[key])
for key in y.keys() - overlapping_keys:
z[key] = deepcopy(y[key])
return z
>>> x = {'a':{1:{}}, 'b': {2:{}}}
>>> y = {'b':{10:{}}, 'c': {11:{}}}
>>> dict_of_dicts_merge(x, y)
{'b': {2: {}, 10: {}}, 'a': {1: {}}, 'c': {11: {}}}
{k: v for d in dicts for k, v in d.items()} # iteritems in Python 2.7
dict((k, v) for d in dicts for k, v in d.items()) # iteritems in Python 2
from itertools import chain
z = dict(chain(x.items(), y.items())) # iteritems in Python 2
from timeit import repeat
from itertools import chain
x = dict.fromkeys('abcdefg')
y = dict.fromkeys('efghijk')
def merge_two_dicts(x, y):
z = x.copy()
z.update(y)
return z
min(repeat(lambda: {**x, **y}))
min(repeat(lambda: merge_two_dicts(x, y)))
min(repeat(lambda: {k: v for d in (x, y) for k, v in d.items()}))
min(repeat(lambda: dict(chain(x.items(), y.items()))))
min(repeat(lambda: dict(item for d in (x, y) for item in d.items())))
>>> min(repeat(lambda: {**x, **y}))
1.0804965235292912
>>> min(repeat(lambda: merge_two_dicts(x, y)))
1.636518670246005
>>> min(repeat(lambda: {k: v for d in (x, y) for k, v in d.items()}))
3.1779992282390594
>>> min(repeat(lambda: dict(chain(x.items(), y.items()))))
2.740647904574871
>>> min(repeat(lambda: dict(item for d in (x, y) for item in d.items())))
4.266070580109954
$ uname -a
Linux nixos 4.19.113 #1-NixOS SMP Wed Mar 25 07:06:15 UTC 2020 x86_64 GNU/Linux
词典中的资源
我很想知道我能否用一行严格的方法击败接受答案的时间:
我尝试了5种方法,前面没有一个 - 所有一个线路 - 所有产生正确的答案 - 我无法接近。
所以......为了拯救你麻烦,也许满足好奇心:
import json
import yaml
import time
from ast import literal_eval as literal
def merge_two_dicts(x, y):
z = x.copy() # start with x's keys and values
z.update(y) # modifies z with y's keys and values & returns None
return z
x = {'a':1, 'b': 2}
y = {'b':10, 'c': 11}
start = time.time()
for i in range(10000):
z = yaml.load((str(x)+str(y)).replace('}{',', '))
elapsed = (time.time()-start)
print (elapsed, z, 'stringify yaml')
start = time.time()
for i in range(10000):
z = literal((str(x)+str(y)).replace('}{',', '))
elapsed = (time.time()-start)
print (elapsed, z, 'stringify literal')
start = time.time()
for i in range(10000):
z = eval((str(x)+str(y)).replace('}{',', '))
elapsed = (time.time()-start)
print (elapsed, z, 'stringify eval')
start = time.time()
for i in range(10000):
z = {k:int(v) for k,v in (dict(zip(
((str(x)+str(y))
.replace('}',' ')
.replace('{',' ')
.replace(':',' ')
.replace(',',' ')
.replace("'",'')
.strip()
.split(' '))[::2],
((str(x)+str(y))
.replace('}',' ')
.replace('{',' ').replace(':',' ')
.replace(',',' ')
.replace("'",'')
.strip()
.split(' '))[1::2]
))).items()}
elapsed = (time.time()-start)
print (elapsed, z, 'stringify replace')
start = time.time()
for i in range(10000):
z = json.loads(str((str(x)+str(y)).replace('}{',', ').replace("'",'"')))
elapsed = (time.time()-start)
print (elapsed, z, 'stringify json')
start = time.time()
for i in range(10000):
z = merge_two_dicts(x, y)
elapsed = (time.time()-start)
print (elapsed, z, 'accepted')
结果:
7.693928956985474 {'c': 11, 'b': 10, 'a': 1} stringify yaml
0.29134678840637207 {'c': 11, 'b': 10, 'a': 1} stringify literal
0.2208399772644043 {'c': 11, 'b': 10, 'a': 1} stringify eval
0.1106564998626709 {'c': 11, 'b': 10, 'a': 1} stringify replace
0.07989692687988281 {'c': 11, 'b': 10, 'a': 1} stringify json
0.005082368850708008 {'c': 11, 'b': 10, 'a': 1} accepted
我從這裡學到的是,JSON的方法是最快的方式(那些試圖)從字典的字典返回;比我認為是正常的方法的速度更快(約四分之一的時間)我也學到,YAML的方法應該以任何代價避免。
是的,我明白这不是最好的 / 正确的方式. 我很好奇它是否更快,而且不是; 我发表以证明它是这样。
在 Python 3.9 中
基于PEP 584的,Python的新版本引入了两个新的词典操作器:union(<unk>)和in-place union(<unk>=)。您可以使用<unk>来结合两个词典,而<unk>=将更新一个词典:
>>> pycon = {2016: "Portland", 2018: "Cleveland"}
>>> europython = {2017: "Rimini", 2018: "Edinburgh", 2019: "Basel"}
>>> pycon | europython
{2016: 'Portland', 2018: 'Edinburgh', 2017: 'Rimini', 2019: 'Basel'}
>>> pycon |= europython
>>> pycon
{2016: 'Portland', 2018: 'Edinburgh', 2017: 'Rimini', 2019: 'Basel'}
使用<unk>的优点之一是它在不同的字典类型上工作,并通过合并保持类型:
>>> from collections import defaultdict
>>> europe = defaultdict(lambda: "", {"Norway": "Oslo", "Spain": "Madrid"})
>>> africa = defaultdict(lambda: "", {"Egypt": "Cairo", "Zimbabwe": "Harare"})
>>> europe | africa
defaultdict(<function <lambda> at 0x7f0cb42a6700>,
{'Norway': 'Oslo', 'Spain': 'Madrid', 'Egypt': 'Cairo', 'Zimbabwe': 'Harare'})
>>> {**europe, **africa}
{'Norway': 'Oslo', 'Spain': 'Madrid', 'Egypt': 'Cairo', 'Zimbabwe': 'Harare'}
您可以使用默认定义,当您想要有效处理丢失的密钥时,请注意, <unk> 保留默认定义,而 {**europe, **africa} 不。
基本用途是更新现有字典,类似于.update():
>>> libraries = {
... "collections": "Container datatypes",
... "math": "Mathematical functions",
... }
>>> libraries |= {"zoneinfo": "IANA time zone support"}
>>> libraries
{'collections': 'Container datatypes', 'math': 'Mathematical functions',
'zoneinfo': 'IANA time zone support'}
当您将字典与字典合并时,两个字典都必须具有适当的字典类型,另一方面,现场运营商(字典=)很高兴与任何字典类似的数据结构合作:
>>> libraries |= [("graphlib", "Functionality for graph-like structures")]
>>> libraries
{'collections': 'Container datatypes', 'math': 'Mathematical functions',
'zoneinfo': 'IANA time zone support',
'graphlib': 'Functionality for graph-like structures'}
虽然这个问题已经被回答了几次,但这个问题的简单解决方案尚未列出。
x = {'a':1, 'b': 2}
y = {'b':10, 'c': 11}
z4 = {}
z4.update(x)
z4.update(y)
它像 z0 和 Z2 上述那样快,但很容易理解和改变。