如果你不想转动X,

x.update(y) or x

(x.update(y), x)[-1]

如果你还没有X在变量,你可以使用Lambda做一个地方,而不使用任务声明,这意味着使用Lambda作为一个Let表达,这是一个常见的技术在功能语言,但可能是无神论的。

(lambda x: x.update(y) or x)({'a': 1, 'b': 2})

(x := {'a': 1, 'b': 2}).update(y) or x

(lambda x={'a': 1, 'b': 2}: x.update(y) or x)()

如果你想要一个副本,PEP 584 风格 x <unk> y 是最 Pythonic 的 3.9+. 如果你需要支持更古老的版本,PEP 448 风格 {**x, **y} 是最容易的 3.5+. 但如果它不在你的(甚至更古老的) Python 版本,让表达模式也在这里工作。

(lambda z=x.copy(): z.update(y) or z)()

(当然,这可能相当于(z := x.copy())。更新(y)或z,但如果您的Python版本足够新,那么PEP 448风格将可用。

这个问题被标签为Python-3x,但考虑到这是一个相对较新的补充,并且最受欢迎的,接受的答案与Python 2.x解决方案广泛处理,我敢添加一个线条,引用一个令人兴奋的功能的Python 2.x列表理解,即名字泄漏。

$ python2
Python 2.7.13 (default, Jan 19 2017, 14:48:08) 
[GCC 6.3.0 20170118] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> x = {'a':1, 'b': 2}
>>> y = {'b':10, 'c': 11}
>>> [z.update(d) for z in [{}] for d in (x, y)]
[None, None]
>>> z
{'a': 1, 'c': 11, 'b': 10}
>>> ...

我很高兴说上面的内容不再在任何Python 3版本上工作。

我想要一些类似的东西,但有能力说明双键中的值是如何合并的,所以我打破了这个(但没有重量测试)。

def merge(d1, d2, merge_fn=lambda x,y:y):
    """
    Merges two dictionaries, non-destructively, combining 
    values on duplicate keys as defined by the optional merge
    function.  The default behavior replaces the values in d1
    with corresponding values in d2.  (There is no other generally
    applicable merge strategy, but often you'll have homogeneous 
    types in your dicts, so specifying a merge technique can be 
    valuable.)

    Examples:

    >>> d1
    {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2}
    >>> merge(d1, d1)
    {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2}
    >>> merge(d1, d1, lambda x,y: x+y)
    {'a': 2, 'c': 6, 'b': 4}

    """
    result = dict(d1)
    for k,v in d2.iteritems():
        if k in result:
            result[k] = merge_fn(result[k], v)
        else:
            result[k] = v
    return result

一个方法是深合的. 使用操作员在 3.9+ 用于使用案例的 dict 新是默认设置的组合,而 dict 现有是使用的现有设置的组合. 我的目标是融入任何添加设置从新没有过写现有设置在现有. 我相信这个重复的实施将允许一个升级一个 dict 与新的值从另一个 dict。

def merge_dict_recursive(new: dict, existing: dict):
    merged = new | existing

    for k, v in merged.items():
        if isinstance(v, dict):
            if k not in existing:
                # The key is not in existing dict at all, so add entire value
                existing[k] = new[k]

            merged[k] = merge_dict_recursive(new[k], existing[k])
    return merged

示例测试数据:

new
{'dashboard': True,
 'depth': {'a': 1, 'b': 22222, 'c': {'d': {'e': 69}}},
 'intro': 'this is the dashboard',
 'newkey': False,
 'show_closed_sessions': False,
 'version': None,
 'visible_sessions_limit': 9999}
existing
{'dashboard': True,
 'depth': {'a': 5},
 'intro': 'this is the dashboard',
 'newkey': True,
 'show_closed_sessions': False,
 'version': '2021-08-22 12:00:30.531038+00:00'}
merged
{'dashboard': True,
 'depth': {'a': 5, 'b': 22222, 'c': {'d': {'e': 69}}},
 'intro': 'this is the dashboard',
 'newkey': True,
 'show_closed_sessions': False,
 'version': '2021-08-22 12:00:30.531038+00:00',
 'visible_sessions_limit': 9999}

深深的定律:

from typing import List, Dict
from copy import deepcopy

def merge_dicts(*from_dicts: List[Dict], no_copy: bool=False) -> Dict :
    """ no recursion deep merge of two dicts

    By default creates fresh Dict and merges all to it.

    no_copy = True, will merge all dicts to a fist one in a list without copy.
    Why? Sometime I need to combine one dictionary from "layers".
    The "layers" are not in use and dropped immediately after merging.
    """

    if no_copy:
        xerox = lambda x:x
    else:
        xerox = deepcopy

    result = xerox(from_dicts[0])

    for _from in from_dicts[1:]:
        merge_queue = [(result, _from)]
        for _to, _from in merge_queue:
            for k, v in _from.items():
                if k in _to and isinstance(_to[k], dict) and isinstance(v, dict):
                    # key collision add both are dicts.
                    # add to merging queue
                    merge_queue.append((_to[k], v))
                    continue
                _to[k] = xerox(v)

    return result

使用:

print("=============================")
print("merge all dicts to first one without copy.")
a0 = {"a":{"b":1}}
a1 = {"a":{"c":{"d":4}}}
a2 = {"a":{"c":{"f":5}, "d": 6}}
print(f"a0 id[{id(a0)}] value:{a0}")
print(f"a1 id[{id(a1)}] value:{a1}")
print(f"a2 id[{id(a2)}] value:{a2}")
r = merge_dicts(a0, a1, a2, no_copy=True)
print(f"r  id[{id(r)}] value:{r}")

print("=============================")
print("create fresh copy of all")
a0 = {"a":{"b":1}}
a1 = {"a":{"c":{"d":4}}}
a2 = {"a":{"c":{"f":5}, "d": 6}}
print(f"a0 id[{id(a0)}] value:{a0}")
print(f"a1 id[{id(a1)}] value:{a1}")
print(f"a2 id[{id(a2)}] value:{a2}")
r = merge_dicts(a0, a1, a2)
print(f"r  id[{id(r)}] value:{r}")

def dict_merge(a, b):
  c = a.copy()
  c.update(b)
  return c

new = dict_merge(old, extras)

在如此阴影和可疑的答案中,这个闪发光的例子是在Python中合并独裁的唯一和唯一好的方式,由独裁者为生活Guido van Rossum自己支持! 另一个人提出了一半,但没有把它放在一个功能上。

print dict_merge(
      {'color':'red', 'model':'Mini'},
      {'model':'Ferrari', 'owner':'Carl'})

给了:

{'color': 'red', 'owner': 'Carl', 'model': 'Ferrari'}