Rails 6.1 +

现在您可以在模型上使用属性方法，而无需设置类型。

attribute :status, default: ACTIVE

or

class Account < ApplicationRecord
  attribute :locale, default: 'en'
end

注意，提供默认的to属性不能引用类的实例(lambda将在类的上下文中执行，而不是在实例中执行)。因此，如果需要根据实例或关联动态地将默认值设置为一个值，则仍然必须使用替代方法，例如after_initialize回调。如前所述，如果引用关联，建议将此限制为新记录，以避免n+1个查询。

after_initialize :do_something_that_references_instance_or_associations, if: :new_record?

我已经用了一段时间了。

# post.rb
class Post < ApplicationRecord
  attribute :country, :string, default: 'ID'
end

After_initialize方法已弃用，请改用回调方法。

after_initialize :defaults

def defaults
  self.extras||={}
  self.other_stuff||="This stuff"
end

然而，在迁移中使用:default仍然是最干净的方式。

在rails 3中使用default_scope

接口文档

ActiveRecord模糊了在数据库(模式)中定义的默认值和在应用程序(模型)中完成的默认值之间的区别。在初始化过程中，它解析数据库模式并记录其中指定的任何默认值。稍后，在创建对象时，它将分配那些模式指定的默认值，而不涉及数据库。

讨论

我发现使用验证方法对设置默认值提供了很多控制。您甚至可以为更新设置默认值(或失败验证)。如果需要的话，您甚至可以为插入和更新设置不同的默认值。 注意，默认值不会设置，直到#valid?被称为。

class MyModel
  validate :init_defaults

  private
  def init_defaults
    if new_record?
      self.some_int ||= 1
    elsif some_int.nil?
      errors.add(:some_int, "can't be blank on update")
    end
  end
end

关于定义after_initialize方法，可能会有性能问题，因为after_initialize也会被:find返回的每个对象调用: http://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_validations_callbacks.html#after_initialize-and-after_find

每个可用的方法都有几个问题，但我认为定义一个after_initialize回调是正确的方法，原因如下:

default_scope will initialize values for new models, but then that will become the scope on which you find the model. If you just want to initialize some numbers to 0 then this is not what you want. Defining defaults in your migration also works part of the time... As has already been mentioned this will not work when you just call Model.new. Overriding initialize can work, but don't forget to call super! Using a plugin like phusion's is getting a bit ridiculous. This is ruby, do we really need a plugin just to initialize some default values? Overriding after_initialize is deprecated as of Rails 3. When I override after_initialize in rails 3.0.3 I get the following warning in the console:

弃用警告:Base#after_initialize已弃用，请使用Base。After_initialize:方法代替。(调用from /Users/me/myapp/app/models/my_model:15)

因此，我要说的是写一个after_initialize回调函数，它允许你在关联上设置默认属性，就像这样:

  class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
    has_one :address
    after_initialize :init

    def init
      self.number  ||= 0.0           #will set the default value only if it's nil
      self.address ||= build_address #let's you set a default association
    end
  end    

现在您只有一个地方可以寻找模型的初始化。我一直在用这个方法，直到有人提出更好的方法。

警告:

For boolean fields do: self.bool_field = true if self.bool_field.nil? See Paul Russell's comment on this answer for more details If you're only selecting a subset of columns for a model (ie; using select in a query like Person.select(:firstname, :lastname).all) you will get a MissingAttributeError if your init method accesses a column that hasn't been included in the select clause. You can guard against this case like so: self.number ||= 0.0 if self.has_attribute? :number and for a boolean column... self.bool_field = true if (self.has_attribute? :bool_value) && self.bool_field.nil? Also note that the syntax is different prior to Rails 3.2 (see Cliff Darling's comment below)