Python编程语言中有哪些鲜为人知但很有用的特性?
尽量将答案限制在Python核心。 每个回答一个特征。 给出一个例子和功能的简短描述，而不仅仅是文档链接。 使用标题作为第一行标记该特性。
快速链接到答案:
参数解包 牙套 链接比较运算符 修饰符 可变默认参数的陷阱/危险 描述符 字典默认的.get值 所以测试 省略切片语法 枚举 其他/ 函数作为iter()参数 生成器表达式 导入该 就地值交换 步进列表 __missing__物品 多行正则表达式 命名字符串格式化 嵌套的列表/生成器推导 运行时的新类型 .pth文件 ROT13编码 正则表达式调试 发送到发电机 交互式解释器中的制表符补全 三元表达式 试着/ / else除外 拆包+打印()函数 与声明
当前回答
字典中无限递归的很好处理:
>>> a = {}
>>> b = {}
>>> a['b'] = b
>>> b['a'] = a
>>> print a
{'b': {'a': {...}}}
其他回答
绝密属性
>>> class A(object): pass
>>> a = A()
>>> setattr(a, "can't touch this", 123)
>>> dir(a)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', "can't touch this"]
>>> a.can't touch this # duh
File "<stdin>", line 1
a.can't touch this
^
SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal
>>> getattr(a, "can't touch this")
123
>>> setattr(a, "__class__.__name__", ":O")
>>> a.__class__.__name__
'A'
>>> getattr(a, "__class__.__name__")
':O'
Python 2。如果在序列的最后一个元素之后，X会忽略逗号:
>>> a_tuple_for_instance = (0,1,2,3,)
>>> another_tuple = (0,1,2,3)
>>> a_tuple_for_instance == another_tuple
True
后面的逗号会导致单个带括号的元素被视为序列:
>>> a_tuple_with_one_element = (8,)
拆包与打印功能结合:
# in 2.6 <= python < 3.0, 3.0 + the print function is native
from __future__ import print_function
mylist = ['foo', 'bar', 'some other value', 1,2,3,4]
print(*mylist)
Namedtuple是一个元组
>>> node = namedtuple('node', "a b")
>>> node(1,2) + node(5,6)
(1, 2, 5, 6)
>>> (node(1,2), node(5,6))
(node(a=1, b=2), node(a=5, b=6))
>>>
更多的实验来回应评论:
>>> from collections import namedtuple
>>> from operator import *
>>> mytuple = namedtuple('A', "a b")
>>> yourtuple = namedtuple('Z', "x y")
>>> mytuple(1,2) + yourtuple(5,6)
(1, 2, 5, 6)
>>> q = [mytuple(1,2), yourtuple(5,6)]
>>> q
[A(a=1, b=2), Z(x=5, y=6)]
>>> reduce(operator.__add__, q)
(1, 2, 5, 6)
namedtuple是tuple的一个有趣的子类型。
只需少量的工作，线程模块就变得非常容易使用。此装饰器更改函数，使其在自己的线程中运行，返回占位符类实例，而不是常规结果。你可以通过检查placeolder来探测答案。结果或通过调用placeholder.awaitResult()来等待它。
def threadify(function):
"""
exceptionally simple threading decorator. Just:
>>> @threadify
... def longOperation(result):
... time.sleep(3)
... return result
>>> A= longOperation("A has finished")
>>> B= longOperation("B has finished")
A doesn't have a result yet:
>>> print A.result
None
until we wait for it:
>>> print A.awaitResult()
A has finished
we could also wait manually - half a second more should be enough for B:
>>> time.sleep(0.5); print B.result
B has finished
"""
class thr (threading.Thread,object):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
threading.Thread.__init__ ( self )
self.args, self.kwargs = args, kwargs
self.result = None
self.start()
def awaitResult(self):
self.join()
return self.result
def run(self):
self.result=function(*self.args, **self.kwargs)
return thr
