许多开发人员倾向于对数据库执行多个查询(通常查询一个或两个表)，提取结果并在java/c/c++中执行简单的操作——所有这些都可以用一条SQL语句完成。

许多开发人员通常没有意识到，在开发环境中，数据库和应用程序服务器在他们的笔记本电脑上——但在生产环境中，数据库和应用程序服务器将在不同的机器上。因此，对于每个查询，在应用程序服务器和数据库服务器之间传递的数据都有额外的n/w开销。我惊奇地发现，为了向用户呈现一个页面，应用程序服务器对数据库服务器进行了大量的数据库调用!

忘记在表之间建立关系。我记得当我刚开始在我现在的雇主工作时，我不得不清理这些东西。

非常大的事务，插入/更新大量数据，然后重新加载它。基本上，这是因为没有考虑数据库工作的多用户环境。 过度使用函数，特别是作为select和where子句中的结果，导致函数被反复调用以获取结果。我认为，这符合他们试图以他们更习惯的过程方式工作而不是充分利用SQL的一般情况。

有一件事我想补充，学习使用分析函数，如分区BY, RANK, DENSE_RANK (Oracle)。它们对于复杂的查询是绝对必要的。

其他建议是，如果可能的话，在您的开发团队中有一个专门的数据库开发人员，他应该是SQL、数据库建模、调优等方面的专家(但不是DBA)。这种技能是一笔巨大的财富。

使用Access而不是“真正的”数据库。有很多很棒的小型甚至免费的数据库，比如SQL Express、MySQL和SQLite，它们可以更好地工作和扩展。应用程序通常需要以意想不到的方式进行扩展。

开发人员所犯的关键数据库设计和编程错误

Selfish database design and usage. Developers often treat the database as their personal persistent object store without considering the needs of other stakeholders in the data. This also applies to application architects. Poor database design and data integrity makes it hard for third parties working with the data and can substantially increase the system's life cycle costs. Reporting and MIS tends to be a poor cousin in application design and only done as an afterthought. Abusing denormalised data. Overdoing denormalised data and trying to maintain it within the application is a recipe for data integrity issues. Use denormalisation sparingly. Not wanting to add a join to a query is not an excuse for denormalising. Scared of writing SQL. SQL isn't rocket science and is actually quite good at doing its job. O/R mapping layers are quite good at doing the 95% of queries that are simple and fit well into that model. Sometimes SQL is the best way to do the job. Dogmatic 'No Stored Procedures' policies. Regardless of whether you believe stored procedures are evil, this sort of dogmatic attitude has no place on a software project. Not understanding database design. Normalisation is your friend and it's not rocket science. Joining and cardinality are fairly simple concepts - if you're involved in database application development there's really no excuse for not understanding them.