如何在特定范围内生成随机int值?

以下方法存在与整数溢出相关的错误:

randomNum = minimum + (int)(Math.random() * maximum);
// Bug: `randomNum` can be bigger than `maximum`.
Random rn = new Random();
int n = maximum - minimum + 1;
int i = rn.nextInt() % n;
randomNum =  minimum + i;
// Bug: `randomNum` can be smaller than `minimum`.

当前回答

import java.util.Random; 

public class RandomUtil {
    // Declare as class variable so that it is not re-seeded every call
    private static Random random = new Random();

    /**
     * Returns a psuedo-random number between min and max (both inclusive)
     * @param min Minimim value
     * @param max Maximim value. Must be greater than min.
     * @return Integer between min and max (both inclusive)
     * @see java.util.Random#nextInt(int)
     */
    public static int nextInt(int min, int max) {
        // nextInt is normally exclusive of the top value,
        // so add 1 to make it inclusive
        return random.nextInt((max - min) + 1) + min;
    }
}

其他回答

我使用这个:

 /**
   * @param min - The minimum.
   * @param max - The maximum.
   * @return A random double between these numbers (inclusive the minimum and maximum).
   */
 public static double getRandom(double min, double max) {
   return (Math.random() * (max + 1 - min)) + min;
 }

如果需要,可以将其转换为整数。

另一种选择是使用Apache Commons:

import org.apache.commons.math.random.RandomData;
import org.apache.commons.math.random.RandomDataImpl;

public void method() {
    RandomData randomData = new RandomDataImpl();
    int number = randomData.nextInt(5, 10);
    // ...
 }
import java.util.Random; 

public class RandomUtil {
    // Declare as class variable so that it is not re-seeded every call
    private static Random random = new Random();

    /**
     * Returns a psuedo-random number between min and max (both inclusive)
     * @param min Minimim value
     * @param max Maximim value. Must be greater than min.
     * @return Integer between min and max (both inclusive)
     * @see java.util.Random#nextInt(int)
     */
    public static int nextInt(int min, int max) {
        // nextInt is normally exclusive of the top value,
        // so add 1 to make it inclusive
        return random.nextInt((max - min) + 1) + min;
    }
}

我将简单地说明问题提供的解决方案有什么问题,以及错误的原因。

解决方案1:

randomNum = minimum + (int)(Math.random()*maximum); 

问题:randomNum分配的值大于最大值。

解释:假设我们的最小值是5,而你的最大值是10。Math.random()中任何大于0.6的值都将使表达式的计算结果为6或更大,加上5将使其大于10(最大值)。问题是你将随机数乘以最大值(这会产生一个几乎和最大值一样大的数字),然后再加上最小值。除非最小值是1,否则它是不正确的。如其他答案所述,您必须切换到

randomNum = minimum + (int)(Math.random()*(maximum-minimum+1))

+1是因为Math.random()永远不会返回1.0。

解决方案2:

Random rn = new Random();
int n = maximum - minimum + 1;
int i = rn.nextInt() % n;
randomNum =  minimum + i;

这里的问题是,如果第一项小于0,“%”可能会返回负数。由于rn.nextInt()以约50%的概率返回负值,因此也不会得到预期的结果。

然而,这几乎是完美的。您只需进一步查看Javadoc,nextInt(int n)。使用该方法

Random rn = new Random();
int n = maximum - minimum + 1;
int i = rn.nextInt(n);
randomNum =  minimum + i;

也将返回所需的结果。

请原谅我过于挑剔,但大多数人建议的解决方案,即min+rng.nextInt(max-min+1),似乎很危险,因为:

rng.nextInt(n)无法达到整数.MAX_VALUE。当min为负值时,(max-min)可能会导致溢出。

万无一失的解决方案将为[Integer.min_VALUE,Integer.max_VALUE]内的任何min<=max返回正确的结果。请考虑以下简单的实现:

int nextIntInRange(int min, int max, Random rng) {
   if (min > max) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot draw random int from invalid range [" + min + ", " + max + "].");
   }
   int diff = max - min;
   if (diff >= 0 && diff != Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
      return (min + rng.nextInt(diff + 1));
   }
   int i;
   do {
      i = rng.nextInt();
   } while (i < min || i > max);
   return i;
}

尽管效率低下,但请注意while循环中成功的概率始终为50%或更高。