UI设计很难

对于这个问题:

为什么UI设计对大多数开发者来说如此困难?

试着问相反的问题:

为什么编程对大多数UI设计师来说如此困难?

编写UI和设计UI需要不同的技能和不同的心态。UI设计对于大多数开发人员来说是困难的，就像编写代码对于大多数设计师来说是困难的一样。

编码很难。设计也很难。很少有人两者都做得很好。优秀的UI设计师很少编写代码。他们甚至不知道怎么做，但他们仍然是优秀的设计师。那么，为什么优秀的开发者觉得自己要对UI设计负责呢?

了解更多关于UI设计的知识会让你成为更好的开发人员，但这并不意味着你应该对UI设计负责。对于设计师来说，情况正好相反:知道如何编写代码将使他们成为更好的设计师，但这并不意味着他们应该负责编写UI代码。

如何更好地进行UI设计

对于那些想要更好地进行UI设计的开发者，我有3条基本建议:

Recognize design as a separate skill. Coding and design are separate but related. UI design is not a subset of coding. It requires a different mindset, knowledge base, and skill group. There are people out there who focus on UI design. Learn about design. At least a little bit. Try to learn a few of the design concepts and techniques from the long list below. If you are more ambitious, read some books, attend a conference, take a class, get a degree. There are lot of ways to learn about design. Joel Spolky's book on UI design is a good primer for developers, but there's a lot more to it and that's where designers come into the picture. Work with designers. Good designers, if you can. People who do this work go by various titles. Today, the most common titles are User Experience Designer (UXD), Information Architect (IA), Interaction Designer(ID), and Usability Engineer. They think about design as much as you think about code. You can learn a lot from them, and they from you. Work with them however you can. Find people with these skills in your company. Maybe you need to hire someone. Or go to some conferences, attend webinars, and spend time in the UXD/IA/ID world.

这里有一些具体的事情你可以学习。不要什么都学。如果你了解以下所有内容，你就可以称自己为交互设计师或信息架构师。从清单顶部的事情开始。专注于特定的概念和技能。然后向下延伸。如果你真的喜欢这些东西，就把它当做职业道路吧。许多开发人员转向管理，但用户体验设计是另一种选择。

Learn fundamental design concepts. You should know about affordances, visibility, feedback, mappings, Fitt's law, poka-yokes, and more. I recommend reading The Design of Everyday Things (Don Norman) and Universal Principles of Design (Lidwell, Holden, & Butler) Learn about user experience. This is becoming the umbrella term for the human-centered design of web sites, applications, and any other digital artifact. The classic primer here is The elements of User Experience (Jesse James Garrett). You can get an overview and the first few chapters from the author's site. Learn to sketch designs. Sketching is fast way to explore design options and find the right design, whereas usability testing is about getting the design right. Paper prototyping is fast, cheap, and effective during the early design stages. Much faster than coding a digital prototype. The key text here is Sketching User Experience: Getting the design right and the right design (Bill Buxton). Sketching is a particularly useful skill when working with IA/ID/UX designers. Your collaboration will be more effective. For a good primer on how and why designers sketch, watch the presentation How to be a UX team of one by Leah Buley from the 2008 IA Summit. Learn paper prototyping. The fastest way to iteratively test an interface before you write code. Different from sketching and usability testing. The definitive book here is Paper Prototyping (Carolyn Snyder). You can get a good DVD on this from the Nielsen Norman Group. Learn usability testing. Discount testing is easy and effective. But for many UIs, usability is hard to do well. You can learn the basics quickly, but good usability people are invaluable. If you want a book, the classic is The Handbook of Usability Testing (Jeffrey Rubin). It's older but offers thorough coverage of lab-based testing. The famous starter book is Don't Make Me Think (2nd Ed) (Steve Krug). I caution people about this one: Krug makes it sound easier than it is. But it is a good starting point. The user research books listed in the next point also cover this topic. And you can find piles about it online. Learn about information architecture. The main book here is Information Architecture for the World Wide Web (3rd) (Louis Rosenfeld & Peter Morville). A good starter book is Information Architecture: Blueprints for the Web (Christina Wodtke). For more, visit the Information Architecture Institute or attend the annual Information Architecture Summit. Learn about interaction design. The main book here is The Essentials of Interaction Design (3rd) (Alan Cooper, et al). A good starter book is Designing for interaction (Dan Saffer). For more, visit the Interaction Design Association (IxDA) or attend the annual Interaction Design conference. Learn fundamentals of graphic design. Graphic design is not UI design, but concepts from graphic design can improve an interface. Graphic design introduces design principles for the visual presentation of information, such as proximity, alignment, and small multiples. I recommend reading The non-designer's design book (Robin Williams) and Envisioning Information (Edward Tufte) Learn to do user research. Where usability tests an interface, user research tries to model users and their tasks through personas, scenarios, user journeys, and other documents. It's about understanding users and what they do, then using that to inform the design instead of guessing. Some techniques are interviews, surveys, diary studies, and cart sorting. Good books on this are Observing the User Experience (Mike Kuniavsky) and Understanding Your Users (Courage & Baxter) Learn to do field research. Watching people in the lab under artificial conditions helps (ie: usability), but there is nothing like watching people use your code in context: their home, their office, or wherever they use it. Goes by various names, including ethnography, field studies, and contextual inquiry. Here is a good primer on field research. Two of the better known books here are Rapid Contextual Design (Karen Holtzblatt et al) and User and task analysis for interface design (Hackos & Redish). Read UX design web sites. Some of the big ones are Boxes & Arrows, UX Mag, UX Matters, and Digital Web magazine. Use UI pattern libraries. There are patterns for interfaces. For web sites, I recommend The Design of Sites, 2nd ed (Van Duyne, et al) and Homepage usability: 50 websites deconstructed (Jakob Nielsen & Marie Tahir). For desktop applications I recommend Designing interfaces (Jennifer Tidwell), and for web applications I recommend Designing Web Interfaces: Principles and Patterns for Rich Interactions (Bill Scott & Theresa Neil). Online you should check Welie pattern library, UI patterns, and Web UI patterns. Attend UX design conferences. Some good annual conferences are: Information Architecture Summit, Interaction '09 (IxDA), User Interface, and UX week. Attend a workshop or webinar. You can take workshops, webinars, and online courses. This is far from a comprehensive list, but you might try the UIE virtual seminars, Adaptive Path virtual seminars, and UX webinars from Rosenfeld Media. Get a degree. A graduate degree in HCI is one approach, but these programs are mostly about writing coding. If you want to learn about the design of digital artifacts and devices, then you want a graduate program that's not in CS. Some options include Interaction Design at Carnegie Mellon, the d-School at Stanford, the ITP program at NYU, and Information Architecture & Knowledge Management at Kent State (disclosure: I'm on faculty at Kent; we are seeing more and more people with CS degrees moving into UX design instead of management, which is interesting, because management is the traditional path for developers who want to move away from writing code while staying in their field). There are many more programs. Each has their own perspective, areas of emphasis, and technical expectations. Some come out of the arts and visual design, others out of library and information science, and some from CS. Most are hybrids, but every hybrid has deeper roots in one or more fields. If this interests you, look around and try to understand the differences between these programs. Some offer online courses and certificate programs in addition to full-fledged degrees.

为什么UI设计很难

优秀的UI设计很难，因为它涉及到两种截然不同的技能:

A deep understanding of the machine. People in this group worry about code first, people second. They have deep technological knowledge and skill. We call them developers, programmers, engineers, and so forth. A deep understanding of people and design: People in this group worry about people first, code second. They have deep knowledge of how people interact with information, computers, and the world around them. We call them user experience designers, information architects, interaction designers, usability engineers, and so forth.

这就是这两个群体——开发者和设计师之间的本质区别:

Developers make it work. They implement the functionality on your TiVo, your iPhone, your favorite website, etc. They make sure it actually does what it is supposed to do. Their highest priority is making it work. Designers make people love it. They figure out how to interact with it, how it should look, and how it should feel. They design the experience of using the application, the web site, the device. Their highest priority is making you fall in love with what developers make. This is what is meant by user experience, and it's not the same as brand experience.

此外，编程和设计需要不同的心态，而不仅仅是不同的知识和技能。优秀的UI设计需要两种心态、两种知识基础和两种技能。而掌握其中任何一种都需要数年时间。

开发人员会发现UI设计很难，就像UI设计师会发现写代码很难一样。

无论你怎么做(上面有一些很棒的观点)，它真的帮助了我，一旦我接受了没有这样的事情作为直觉....

我能听到地平线上争论的隆隆声……我来解释一下。

直觉的:基于一种无意识的方法或感觉，使用自己感觉正确或真实的东西。

如果(正如卡尔·萨根(Carl Sagan)所假设的那样)你接受你无法理解与你所遇到过的任何事物完全不同的事物，那么如果你从未使用过类似的东西，你怎么可能“知道”如何使用它呢?

想想看:孩子们试图打开门，不是因为他们“知道”门把手是如何工作的，而是因为他们看过别人这样做……他们经常把旋钮转错方向，或者拉得太快。他们必须学会如何使用门把手。然后，这一知识被应用到不同但相似的例子中:打开窗户，打开抽屉，打开几乎任何有大把手的大东西。

即使是对我们来说很直观的简单事情，对来自其他文化的人来说也完全不是直观的。如果有人把他们的手臂伸出在他们面前，并放弃他们的手在手腕上，同时保持手臂静止....他们放弃你了吗?可能吧，除非你在日本。在那里，这个手势可以表示“过来”。那么谁是对的呢?当然，两者都有各自的背景。但如果你两个都去过，你就需要了解它们……UI设计。

我试着找到我项目的潜在用户已经“熟悉”的东西，然后围绕他们构建UI:以用户为中心的设计。

看看苹果的iPhone吧。即使你讨厌它，你也必须尊重它所付出的心血。它完美吗?当然不是。随着时间的推移，物体感知的“直觉性”可能会增长，甚至完全消失。

为例。大多数人都知道，一条顶部和底部有两排孔的黑色带子看起来像一条薄膜带……真的是这样吗?

问问普通9岁或10岁的孩子，他们是怎么想的。你可能会感到惊讶，现在有多少孩子很难把它认出来是电影连环画，即使它仍然被用来代表好莱坞，或任何与电影有关的东西。过去20年里，大多数电影都是用数字技术拍摄的。我们最后一次拿着照片或胶片是什么时候?

所以，对我来说，这一切都归结为:了解你的受众，不断研究，以跟上“直观”事物的趋势和变化，瞄准你的主要用户，尽量不要为了支持高级用户而惩罚没有经验的用户，或者为了帮助新手而减慢高级用户的速度。

最终，每个程序都需要用户经过一定程度的培训才能使用。培训多少以及针对哪个级别的用户是需要做出决策的一部分。

根据您的目标用户过去作为人类、计算机用户或学生的经验水平，有些东西或多或少是熟悉的。

我只是瞄准钟形曲线中最胖的部分，并试图获得尽可能多的人，但意识到我永远不会取悦所有人....

我知道微软和他们自己的指导方针不太一致，但我发现阅读他们的Windows设计指导方针真的对我有帮助。我的网站上有一份，向下滚动一下Vista用户体验指南。它在颜色、间距、布局等方面帮助了我。

设计和美学之间有着巨大的差异，它们经常被混淆。

一个漂亮的UI需要艺术或至少是美学技能，包括我自己在内的许多人都无法做到这一点。不幸的是，就像我们在许多重量级的基于flash的api中看到的那样，这是不够的，并且不能使UI可用。

制作可用的ui需要理解人类如何与计算机交互、心理学中的一些问题(例如，菲特定律、希克定律)和其他主题。很少有计算机科学课程为此进行培训。我认识的开发人员中很少有人会选择用户测试书籍而不是JUnit书籍等等。

我们中的许多人也是“核心程序员”，倾向于将ui视为外观，而不是可以成就或破坏项目成功的因素。

此外，大多数UI开发经验都非常令人沮丧。我们可以使用像旧VB那样的玩具GUI构建器，并不得不处理丑陋的胶水代码，或者我们使用无休止地让我们沮丧的api，比如试图在Swing中整理布局。

我坚持的主要经验法则是，永远不要同时做两件事。如果我正在处理后端代码，我将完成这一工作，休息一下，然后带着我的UI帽子返回。如果你在编写代码时尝试使用它，你将以错误的心态处理它，结果会得到一些糟糕的界面。

我认为同时成为一名优秀的后端开发人员和一名优秀的UI设计师是完全可能的，你只需要努力工作，阅读和研究相关主题(从Miller的#7到Nielsen的档案)，并确保你理解UI设计的重要性。

我不认为这是一个需要创造性的案例，而是像后端开发一样，这是一个非常有方法，非常结构化的事情，需要学习。正是人们对ui的“创造性”创造了一些最大的可用性怪物……我的意思是，首先看看100%使用Flash的网站……

编辑:克鲁格的书真的很好……一定要读一读，特别是如果你要为网络设计的话。

首先，我要说的是，我也有和问题中提到的相似的缺陷。然而，我认为人们做任何事情都很糟糕的唯一原因是:

他们不理解，也从来没有研究过如何和为什么这样做的理论 他们从来没有足够的练习成为专家

所以我的建议是，首先要找到你需要的描述这门学科的书籍和网页，然后学习它们。这里有很多很好的答案，我会把Tog on Interface添加到列表中。同时也要看看那些被认为很棒的ui，如Mac、IPhone和谷歌。

第二步是开始创建ui。这听起来很简单，但如果这不是你的工作描述的一部分，你可能需要在自己的时间做这件事。作为UI开发人员参与web开发项目。也许这是你自己的项目或别人的项目，但擅长创建网页可以给你你所需要的经验，不应该很难做到。好运！