从哪里开始;-p

埃里克·利珀特的博客总是很适合引用:

这是可变的另一个原因 值类型是邪恶的。试着总是 使值类型不可变。

首先，您很容易丢失更改……例如，从列表中获取内容:

Foo foo = list[0];
foo.Name = "abc";

这改变了什么?没有什么有用的…

属性也是一样:

myObj.SomeProperty.Size = 22; // the compiler spots this one

强迫你做:

Bar bar = myObj.SomeProperty;
bar.Size = 22;
myObj.SomeProperty = bar;

不那么关键的是规模问题;可变对象往往有多个属性;然而，如果你有一个包含两个int型，一个string型，一个DateTime型和一个bool型的结构体，你会很快消耗大量内存。使用类，多个调用方可以共享对同一个实例的引用(引用很小)。

可变数据有许多优点和缺点。最大的缺点就是别名。如果相同的值在多个地方使用，其中一个地方更改了它，那么它将神奇地更改到正在使用它的其他地方。这与竞态条件有关，但并不完全相同。

有时候，价值百万美元的优势是模块化。可变状态允许您向代码隐藏更改的信息，而代码不需要知道这些信息。

《解释器的艺术》详细讨论了这些权衡，并给出了一些例子。

李柏特先生举的例子有几个问题。它是为了说明结构是复制的，以及如果你不小心的话，这可能是一个问题。看看这个例子，我认为这是一个坏的编程习惯的结果，而不是结构或类的问题。

结构应该只有公共成员，不需要任何封装。如果是这样，那么它真的应该是一个类型/类。你真的不需要两个构念来表达同一件事。 如果有一个类包含一个结构，则可以调用该类中的一个方法来更改成员结构。我认为这是一个良好的编程习惯。

正确的实现如下所示。

struct Mutable {
public int x;
}

class Test {
    private Mutable m = new Mutable();
    public int mutate()
    { 
        m.x = m.x + 1;
        return m.x;
    }
  }
  static void Main(string[] args) {
        Test t = new Test();
        System.Console.WriteLine(t.mutate());
        System.Console.WriteLine(t.mutate());
        System.Console.WriteLine(t.mutate());
    }

看起来这是编程习惯的问题，而不是结构本身的问题。结构体应该是可变的，这是它的思想和意图。

更改的结果voila表现如预期:

1 2 3. 按任意键继续…

我不会说可变性是邪恶的，但可变性通常是程序员急于提供最大功能的标志。在现实中，这通常是不需要的，反过来，使界面更小，更容易使用，更难使用错误(=更健壮)。

其中一个例子就是竞态条件中的读/写和写/写冲突。这些在不可变结构中根本不可能发生，因为写操作不是有效的操作。

另外，我认为可变性几乎从来都不是真正需要的，程序员只是认为它在未来可能会出现。例如，改变日期是没有意义的。相反，在旧日期的基础上创建一个新的日期。这是一个廉价的操作，所以性能不是一个考虑因素。

Value types basically represents immutable concepts. Fx, it makes no sense to have a mathematical value such as an integer, vector etc. and then be able to modify it. That would be like redefining the meaning of a value. Instead of changing a value type, it makes more sense to assign another unique value. Think about the fact that value types are compared by comparing all the values of its properties. The point is that if the properties are the same then it is the same universal representation of that value.

正如Konrad所提到的，更改日期也没有意义，因为值代表的是唯一的时间点，而不是具有任何状态或上下文依赖关系的时间对象的实例。

希望这能让你明白。可以肯定的是，它更多的是关于您试图用值类型捕获的概念，而不是实际的细节。

具有公共可变字段或属性的结构并不邪恶。

Struct methods (as distinct from property setters) which mutate "this" are somewhat evil, only because .net doesn't provide a means of distinguishing them from methods which do not. Struct methods that do not mutate "this" should be invokable even on read-only structs without any need for defensive copying. Methods which do mutate "this" should not be invokable at all on read-only structs. Since .net doesn't want to forbid struct methods that don't modify "this" from being invoked on read-only structs, but doesn't want to allow read-only structs to be mutated, it defensively copies structs in read-only contexts, arguably getting the worst of both worlds.

尽管在只读上下文中处理自突变方法存在问题，但是，可变结构通常提供的语义要比可变类类型优越得多。考虑以下三个方法签名:

struct PointyStruct {public int x,y,z;};
class PointyClass {public int x,y,z;};

void Method1(PointyStruct foo);
void Method2(ref PointyStruct foo);
void Method3(PointyClass foo);

对于每种方法，请回答以下问题:

假设该方法没有使用任何“不安全”代码，它会修改foo吗? 如果在调用方法之前没有对'foo'的外部引用，那么在调用方法之后是否可以存在外部引用?

答案:

问题1: Method1(): no(意图明确) Method2(): yes(明确的意图) Method3(): yes(不确定意图) 问题2: Method1():没有 Method2(): no(除非不安全) Method3():是的

Method1 can't modify foo, and never gets a reference. Method2 gets a short-lived reference to foo, which it can use modify the fields of foo any number of times, in any order, until it returns, but it can't persist that reference. Before Method2 returns, unless it uses unsafe code, any and all copies that might have been made of its 'foo' reference will have disappeared. Method3, unlike Method2, gets a promiscuously-sharable reference to foo, and there's no telling what it might do with it. It might not change foo at all, it might change foo and then return, or it might give a reference to foo to another thread which might mutate it in some arbitrary way at some arbitrary future time. The only way to limit what Method3 might do to a mutable class object passed into it would be to encapsulate the mutable object into a read-only wrapper, which is ugly and cumbersome.

结构数组提供了美妙的语义。给定矩形类型的RectArray[500]，如何将元素123复制到元素456，然后在不影响元素456的情况下，将元素123的宽度设置为555是显而易见的。"RectArray[432] = RectArray[321];…;RectArray[123]。宽度= 555;"。知道Rectangle是一个具有名为Width的整数字段的结构体，就可以知道关于上述语句的所有信息。

Now suppose RectClass was a class with the same fields as Rectangle and one wanted to do the same operations on a RectClassArray[500] of type RectClass. Perhaps the array is supposed to hold 500 pre-initialized immutable references to mutable RectClass objects. in that case, the proper code would be something like "RectClassArray[321].SetBounds(RectClassArray[456]); ...; RectClassArray[321].X = 555;". Perhaps the array is assumed to hold instances that aren't going to change, so the proper code would be more like "RectClassArray[321] = RectClassArray[456]; ...; RectClassArray[321] = New RectClass(RectClassArray[321]); RectClassArray[321].X = 555;" To know what one is supposed to do, one would have to know a lot more both about RectClass (e.g. does it support a copy constructor, a copy-from method, etc.) and the intended usage of the array. Nowhere near as clean as using a struct.

To be sure, there is unfortunately no nice way for any container class other than an array to offer the clean semantics of a struct array. The best one could do, if one wanted a collection to be indexed with e.g. a string, would probably be to offer a generic "ActOnItem" method which would accept a string for the index, a generic parameter, and a delegate which would be passed by reference both the generic parameter and the collection item. That would allow nearly the same semantics as struct arrays, but unless the vb.net and C# people can be pursuaded to offer a nice syntax, the code is going to be clunky-looking even if it is reasonably performance (passing a generic parameter would allow for use of a static delegate and would avoid any need to create any temporary class instances).

就我个人而言，我对Eric Lippert等人对可变值类型的憎恨感到恼火。它们提供了比到处使用的混杂引用类型清晰得多的语义。尽管.net对值类型的支持有一些限制，但在许多情况下，可变值类型比任何其他类型的实体都更适合。