关联、聚合和组合之间的区别是什么? 请从实施的角度加以说明。
当前回答
组合(如果你删除“整体”，“部分”也会自动删除-“所有权”)
在新类中创建现有类的对象。这称为组合，因为新类是由现有类的对象组成的。 通常使用普通成员变量。 如果组合类自动处理负责创建/销毁子类的分配/回收，则可以使用指针值。
c++中的复合
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
/********************** Engine Class ******************/
class Engine
{
int nEngineNumber;
public:
Engine(int nEngineNo);
~Engine(void);
};
Engine::Engine(int nEngineNo)
{
cout<<" Engine :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Engine::~Engine(void)
{
cout<<" Engine :: Destructor " <<endl;
}
/********************** Car Class ******************/
class Car
{
int nCarColorNumber;
int nCarModelNumber;
Engine objEngine;
public:
Car (int, int,int);
~Car(void);
};
Car::Car(int nModelNo,int nColorNo, int nEngineNo):
nCarModelNumber(nModelNo),nCarColorNumber(nColorNo),objEngine(nEngineNo)
{
cout<<" Car :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Car::~Car(void)
{
cout<<" Car :: Destructor " <<endl;
Car
Engine
Figure 1 : Composition
}
/********************** Bus Class ******************/
class Bus
{
int nBusColorNumber;
int nBusModelNumber;
Engine* ptrEngine;
public:
Bus(int,int,int);
~Bus(void);
};
Bus::Bus(int nModelNo,int nColorNo, int nEngineNo):
nBusModelNumber(nModelNo),nBusColorNumber(nColorNo)
{
ptrEngine = new Engine(nEngineNo);
cout<<" Bus :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Bus::~Bus(void)
{
cout<<" Bus :: Destructor " <<endl;
delete ptrEngine;
}
/********************** Main Function ******************/
int main()
{
freopen ("InstallationDump.Log", "w", stdout);
cout<<"--------------- Start Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
// Composition using simple Engine in a car object
{
cout<<"------------- Inside Car Block ------------------"<<endl;
Car objCar (1, 2,3);
}
cout<<"------------- Out of Car Block ------------------"<<endl;
// Composition using pointer of Engine in a Bus object
{
cout<<"------------- Inside Bus Block ------------------"<<endl;
Bus objBus(11, 22,33);
}
cout<<"------------- Out of Bus Block ------------------"<<endl;
cout<<"--------------- End Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
fclose (stdout);
}
输出
--------------- Start Of Program --------------------
------------- Inside Car Block ------------------
Engine :: Constructor
Car :: Constructor
Car :: Destructor
Engine :: Destructor
------------- Out of Car Block ------------------
------------- Inside Bus Block ------------------
Engine :: Constructor
Bus :: Constructor
Bus :: Destructor
Engine :: Destructor
------------- Out of Bus Block ------------------
--------------- End Of Program --------------------
聚合(如果你删除“整体”，“部分”可以存在-“无所有权”)
聚合是一种特定类型的组合，其中不暗示复杂对象和子对象之间的所有权。当一个聚合被销毁时，子对象不会被销毁。 通常使用指针变量/引用变量指向在聚合类作用域之外的对象 可以使用指向在聚合类范围之外的对象的引用值吗 不负责创建/销毁子类
c++中的聚合代码
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
/********************** Teacher Class ******************/
class Teacher
{
private:
string m_strName;
public:
Teacher(string strName);
~Teacher(void);
string GetName();
};
Teacher::Teacher(string strName) : m_strName(strName)
{
cout<<" Teacher :: Constructor --- Teacher Name :: "<<m_strName<<endl;
}
Teacher::~Teacher(void)
{
cout<<" Teacher :: Destructor --- Teacher Name :: "<<m_strName<<endl;
}
string Teacher::GetName()
{
return m_strName;
}
/********************** Department Class ******************/
class Department
{
private:
Teacher *m_pcTeacher;
Teacher& m_refTeacher;
public:
Department(Teacher *pcTeacher, Teacher& objTeacher);
~Department(void);
};
Department::Department(Teacher *pcTeacher, Teacher& objTeacher)
: m_pcTeacher(pcTeacher), m_refTeacher(objTeacher)
{
cout<<" Department :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Department::~Department(void)
{
cout<<" Department :: Destructor " <<endl;
}
/********************** Main Function ******************/
int main()
{
freopen ("InstallationDump.Log", "w", stdout);
cout<<"--------------- Start Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
{
// Create a teacher outside the scope of the Department
Teacher objTeacher("Reference Teacher");
Teacher *pTeacher = new Teacher("Pointer Teacher"); // create a teacher
{
cout<<"------------- Inside Block ------------------"<<endl;
// Create a department and use the constructor parameter to pass the teacher to it.
Department cDept(pTeacher,objTeacher);
Department
Teacher
Figure 2: Aggregation
} // cDept goes out of scope here and is destroyed
cout<<"------------- Out of Block ------------------"<<endl;
// pTeacher still exists here because cDept did not destroy it
delete pTeacher;
}
cout<<"--------------- End Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
fclose (stdout);
}
输出
--------------- Start Of Program --------------------
Teacher :: Constructor --- Teacher Name :: Reference Teacher
Teacher :: Constructor --- Teacher Name :: Pointer Teacher
------------- Inside Block ------------------
Department :: Constructor
Department :: Destructor
------------- Out of Block ------------------
Teacher :: Destructor --- Teacher Name :: Pointer Teacher
Teacher :: Destructor --- Teacher Name :: Reference Teacher
--------------- End Of Program --------------------
其他回答
组合(如果你删除“整体”，“部分”也会自动删除-“所有权”)
在新类中创建现有类的对象。这称为组合，因为新类是由现有类的对象组成的。 通常使用普通成员变量。 如果组合类自动处理负责创建/销毁子类的分配/回收，则可以使用指针值。
c++中的复合
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
/********************** Engine Class ******************/
class Engine
{
int nEngineNumber;
public:
Engine(int nEngineNo);
~Engine(void);
};
Engine::Engine(int nEngineNo)
{
cout<<" Engine :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Engine::~Engine(void)
{
cout<<" Engine :: Destructor " <<endl;
}
/********************** Car Class ******************/
class Car
{
int nCarColorNumber;
int nCarModelNumber;
Engine objEngine;
public:
Car (int, int,int);
~Car(void);
};
Car::Car(int nModelNo,int nColorNo, int nEngineNo):
nCarModelNumber(nModelNo),nCarColorNumber(nColorNo),objEngine(nEngineNo)
{
cout<<" Car :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Car::~Car(void)
{
cout<<" Car :: Destructor " <<endl;
Car
Engine
Figure 1 : Composition
}
/********************** Bus Class ******************/
class Bus
{
int nBusColorNumber;
int nBusModelNumber;
Engine* ptrEngine;
public:
Bus(int,int,int);
~Bus(void);
};
Bus::Bus(int nModelNo,int nColorNo, int nEngineNo):
nBusModelNumber(nModelNo),nBusColorNumber(nColorNo)
{
ptrEngine = new Engine(nEngineNo);
cout<<" Bus :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Bus::~Bus(void)
{
cout<<" Bus :: Destructor " <<endl;
delete ptrEngine;
}
/********************** Main Function ******************/
int main()
{
freopen ("InstallationDump.Log", "w", stdout);
cout<<"--------------- Start Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
// Composition using simple Engine in a car object
{
cout<<"------------- Inside Car Block ------------------"<<endl;
Car objCar (1, 2,3);
}
cout<<"------------- Out of Car Block ------------------"<<endl;
// Composition using pointer of Engine in a Bus object
{
cout<<"------------- Inside Bus Block ------------------"<<endl;
Bus objBus(11, 22,33);
}
cout<<"------------- Out of Bus Block ------------------"<<endl;
cout<<"--------------- End Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
fclose (stdout);
}
输出
--------------- Start Of Program --------------------
------------- Inside Car Block ------------------
Engine :: Constructor
Car :: Constructor
Car :: Destructor
Engine :: Destructor
------------- Out of Car Block ------------------
------------- Inside Bus Block ------------------
Engine :: Constructor
Bus :: Constructor
Bus :: Destructor
Engine :: Destructor
------------- Out of Bus Block ------------------
--------------- End Of Program --------------------
聚合(如果你删除“整体”，“部分”可以存在-“无所有权”)
聚合是一种特定类型的组合，其中不暗示复杂对象和子对象之间的所有权。当一个聚合被销毁时，子对象不会被销毁。 通常使用指针变量/引用变量指向在聚合类作用域之外的对象 可以使用指向在聚合类范围之外的对象的引用值吗 不负责创建/销毁子类
c++中的聚合代码
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
/********************** Teacher Class ******************/
class Teacher
{
private:
string m_strName;
public:
Teacher(string strName);
~Teacher(void);
string GetName();
};
Teacher::Teacher(string strName) : m_strName(strName)
{
cout<<" Teacher :: Constructor --- Teacher Name :: "<<m_strName<<endl;
}
Teacher::~Teacher(void)
{
cout<<" Teacher :: Destructor --- Teacher Name :: "<<m_strName<<endl;
}
string Teacher::GetName()
{
return m_strName;
}
/********************** Department Class ******************/
class Department
{
private:
Teacher *m_pcTeacher;
Teacher& m_refTeacher;
public:
Department(Teacher *pcTeacher, Teacher& objTeacher);
~Department(void);
};
Department::Department(Teacher *pcTeacher, Teacher& objTeacher)
: m_pcTeacher(pcTeacher), m_refTeacher(objTeacher)
{
cout<<" Department :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Department::~Department(void)
{
cout<<" Department :: Destructor " <<endl;
}
/********************** Main Function ******************/
int main()
{
freopen ("InstallationDump.Log", "w", stdout);
cout<<"--------------- Start Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
{
// Create a teacher outside the scope of the Department
Teacher objTeacher("Reference Teacher");
Teacher *pTeacher = new Teacher("Pointer Teacher"); // create a teacher
{
cout<<"------------- Inside Block ------------------"<<endl;
// Create a department and use the constructor parameter to pass the teacher to it.
Department cDept(pTeacher,objTeacher);
Department
Teacher
Figure 2: Aggregation
} // cDept goes out of scope here and is destroyed
cout<<"------------- Out of Block ------------------"<<endl;
// pTeacher still exists here because cDept did not destroy it
delete pTeacher;
}
cout<<"--------------- End Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
fclose (stdout);
}
输出
--------------- Start Of Program --------------------
Teacher :: Constructor --- Teacher Name :: Reference Teacher
Teacher :: Constructor --- Teacher Name :: Pointer Teacher
------------- Inside Block ------------------
Department :: Constructor
Department :: Destructor
------------- Out of Block ------------------
Teacher :: Destructor --- Teacher Name :: Pointer Teacher
Teacher :: Destructor --- Teacher Name :: Reference Teacher
--------------- End Of Program --------------------
我知道这个问题被标记为c#，但概念是非常一般的问题，就像这里的这个重定向。所以我将在这里提供我的观点(从java的角度来看，我更舒服)。
当我们想到面向对象的本质时，我们总是想到对象、类(对象蓝图)以及它们之间的关系。对象之间通过方法相互关联和交互。换句话说，一个类的对象可以使用另一个类的对象提供的服务/方法。这种关系被称为关联。
聚合和组合是关联的子集，这意味着它们是关联的特定情况。
In both aggregation and composition object of one class "owns" object of another class. But there is a subtle difference. In Composition the object of class that is owned by the object of it's owning class cannot live on it's own(Also called "death relationship"). It will always live as a part of it's owning object where as in Aggregation the dependent object is standalone and can exist even if the object of owning class is dead. So in composition if owning object is garbage collected the owned object will also be which is not the case in aggregation.
困惑吗?
组合示例:以一辆汽车为例，它的发动机是这辆汽车特有的(意味着它不能用于任何其他汽车)。Car和SpecificEngine类之间的这种关系称为Composition。Car类的对象如果没有SpecificEngine类的对象就不能存在，而如果没有Car类，SpecificEngine的对象就没有意义。简单地说，Car类单独“拥有”SpecificEngine类。
聚合示例:现在考虑类Car和类Wheel。Car需要一个Wheel对象来运行。这意味着Car对象拥有Wheel对象，但我们不能说没有Car对象，Wheel对象就没有意义。它可以很好地用于自行车，卡车或不同的汽车对象。
总结一下
总而言之，关联是一个非常通用的术语，用于表示一个类使用另一个类提供的功能。如果一个父类对象拥有另一个子类对象，并且没有父类对象，这个子类对象就不能有意义地存在，我们就说它是复合。如果可以，则称为聚合。
详情请点击这里。 我是http://opensourceforgeeks.blogspot.in的作者，并在上面添加了相关帖子的链接以获取更多信息。
这些答案的问题在于，它们只说了一半:它们解释了聚合和组合是关联的形式，但没有说一个关联是否可能不是这两种形式。
基于对SO和一些UML文档的一些简要阅读，我收集到类关联有4种主要的具体形式:
A是由A组成的;没有A, B就不存在，就像家里的房间一样 聚合:A有A B;B可以没有A而存在，就像教室里的学生一样 依赖:A使用B;A和B之间没有生命周期依赖关系，比如方法调用参数、返回值或方法调用期间创建的临时对象 泛化:A是A
当两个实体之间的关系不是其中之一时，它可以被称为一般意义上的“关联”，并以其他方式进一步描述(注意，原型等)。
我的猜测是，“通用关联”主要用于两种情况:
when the specifics of a relationship are still being worked out; such relationship in a diagram should be converted as soon as possible to what it actually is/will be (one of the other 4). when a relationship doesn't match any of those 4 predetermined by UML; the "generic" association still gives you a way of representing a relationship that is "not one of the other ones", so that you aren't stuck using an incorrect relationship with a note "this is not actually aggregation, it's just that UML doesn't have any other symbol we could use"
对于Foo和Bar这两个对象，可以定义关系
关联——我与一个对象有一种关系。Foo使用Bar
public class Foo {
private Bar bar;
};
注意:请参阅Fowler的定义-关键是Bar在语义上与Foo相关，而不仅仅是一个依赖项(如int或字符串)。
组合——我拥有一个对象，我对它的生命周期负责。当Foo死了，Bar也死了
public class Foo {
private Bar bar = new Bar();
}
聚合——我有一个从别人那里借来的对象。当Foo死了，Bar可以活下去。
public class Foo {
private Bar bar;
Foo(Bar bar) {
this.bar = bar;
}
}
摘自Robert Martin在comp.object中的一篇文章:
关联表示一个实例向另一个实例发送消息的能力。这通常是通过指针或引用实例变量实现的，尽管它也可以实现为一个方法参数，或创建一个局部变量。
//[Example:]
//|A|----------->|B|
class A
{
private:
B* itsB;
};
聚合[…是典型的整体/部分关系。这与实例不能具有循环聚合关系(即部分不能包含其整体)的异常关联完全相同。
//[Example:]
//|Node|<>-------->|Node|
class Node
{
private:
vector<Node*> itsNodes;
};
这是聚合的事实意味着Node的实例不能形成一个循环。因此，这是一个节点树，而不是节点图。
成分[…和聚合完全一样，只是“部分”的生命周期由“整体”控制。这种控制可以是直接的，也可以是传递的。也就是说，“整体”可以直接负责创造或破坏“部分”，或者它可以接受一个已经创建的部分，然后将它传递给其他某个整体，由其承担责任。
//[Example:]
//|Car|<#>-------->|Carburetor|
class Car
{
public:
virtual ~Car() {delete itsCarb;}
private:
Carburetor* itsCarb
};
