关联、聚合和组合之间的区别是什么? 请从实施的角度加以说明。
当前回答
对于Foo和Bar这两个对象,可以定义关系
关联——我与一个对象有一种关系。Foo使用Bar
public class Foo {
private Bar bar;
};
注意:请参阅Fowler的定义-关键是Bar在语义上与Foo相关,而不仅仅是一个依赖项(如int或字符串)。
组合——我拥有一个对象,我对它的生命周期负责。当Foo死了,Bar也死了
public class Foo {
private Bar bar = new Bar();
}
聚合——我有一个从别人那里借来的对象。当Foo死了,Bar可以活下去。
public class Foo {
private Bar bar;
Foo(Bar bar) {
this.bar = bar;
}
}
其他回答
组合(如果你删除“整体”,“部分”也会自动删除-“所有权”)
在新类中创建现有类的对象。这称为组合,因为新类是由现有类的对象组成的。 通常使用普通成员变量。 如果组合类自动处理负责创建/销毁子类的分配/回收,则可以使用指针值。
c++中的复合
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
/********************** Engine Class ******************/
class Engine
{
int nEngineNumber;
public:
Engine(int nEngineNo);
~Engine(void);
};
Engine::Engine(int nEngineNo)
{
cout<<" Engine :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Engine::~Engine(void)
{
cout<<" Engine :: Destructor " <<endl;
}
/********************** Car Class ******************/
class Car
{
int nCarColorNumber;
int nCarModelNumber;
Engine objEngine;
public:
Car (int, int,int);
~Car(void);
};
Car::Car(int nModelNo,int nColorNo, int nEngineNo):
nCarModelNumber(nModelNo),nCarColorNumber(nColorNo),objEngine(nEngineNo)
{
cout<<" Car :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Car::~Car(void)
{
cout<<" Car :: Destructor " <<endl;
Car
Engine
Figure 1 : Composition
}
/********************** Bus Class ******************/
class Bus
{
int nBusColorNumber;
int nBusModelNumber;
Engine* ptrEngine;
public:
Bus(int,int,int);
~Bus(void);
};
Bus::Bus(int nModelNo,int nColorNo, int nEngineNo):
nBusModelNumber(nModelNo),nBusColorNumber(nColorNo)
{
ptrEngine = new Engine(nEngineNo);
cout<<" Bus :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Bus::~Bus(void)
{
cout<<" Bus :: Destructor " <<endl;
delete ptrEngine;
}
/********************** Main Function ******************/
int main()
{
freopen ("InstallationDump.Log", "w", stdout);
cout<<"--------------- Start Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
// Composition using simple Engine in a car object
{
cout<<"------------- Inside Car Block ------------------"<<endl;
Car objCar (1, 2,3);
}
cout<<"------------- Out of Car Block ------------------"<<endl;
// Composition using pointer of Engine in a Bus object
{
cout<<"------------- Inside Bus Block ------------------"<<endl;
Bus objBus(11, 22,33);
}
cout<<"------------- Out of Bus Block ------------------"<<endl;
cout<<"--------------- End Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
fclose (stdout);
}
输出
--------------- Start Of Program --------------------
------------- Inside Car Block ------------------
Engine :: Constructor
Car :: Constructor
Car :: Destructor
Engine :: Destructor
------------- Out of Car Block ------------------
------------- Inside Bus Block ------------------
Engine :: Constructor
Bus :: Constructor
Bus :: Destructor
Engine :: Destructor
------------- Out of Bus Block ------------------
--------------- End Of Program --------------------
聚合(如果你删除“整体”,“部分”可以存在-“无所有权”)
聚合是一种特定类型的组合,其中不暗示复杂对象和子对象之间的所有权。当一个聚合被销毁时,子对象不会被销毁。 通常使用指针变量/引用变量指向在聚合类作用域之外的对象 可以使用指向在聚合类范围之外的对象的引用值吗 不负责创建/销毁子类
c++中的聚合代码
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
/********************** Teacher Class ******************/
class Teacher
{
private:
string m_strName;
public:
Teacher(string strName);
~Teacher(void);
string GetName();
};
Teacher::Teacher(string strName) : m_strName(strName)
{
cout<<" Teacher :: Constructor --- Teacher Name :: "<<m_strName<<endl;
}
Teacher::~Teacher(void)
{
cout<<" Teacher :: Destructor --- Teacher Name :: "<<m_strName<<endl;
}
string Teacher::GetName()
{
return m_strName;
}
/********************** Department Class ******************/
class Department
{
private:
Teacher *m_pcTeacher;
Teacher& m_refTeacher;
public:
Department(Teacher *pcTeacher, Teacher& objTeacher);
~Department(void);
};
Department::Department(Teacher *pcTeacher, Teacher& objTeacher)
: m_pcTeacher(pcTeacher), m_refTeacher(objTeacher)
{
cout<<" Department :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Department::~Department(void)
{
cout<<" Department :: Destructor " <<endl;
}
/********************** Main Function ******************/
int main()
{
freopen ("InstallationDump.Log", "w", stdout);
cout<<"--------------- Start Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
{
// Create a teacher outside the scope of the Department
Teacher objTeacher("Reference Teacher");
Teacher *pTeacher = new Teacher("Pointer Teacher"); // create a teacher
{
cout<<"------------- Inside Block ------------------"<<endl;
// Create a department and use the constructor parameter to pass the teacher to it.
Department cDept(pTeacher,objTeacher);
Department
Teacher
Figure 2: Aggregation
} // cDept goes out of scope here and is destroyed
cout<<"------------- Out of Block ------------------"<<endl;
// pTeacher still exists here because cDept did not destroy it
delete pTeacher;
}
cout<<"--------------- End Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
fclose (stdout);
}
输出
--------------- Start Of Program --------------------
Teacher :: Constructor --- Teacher Name :: Reference Teacher
Teacher :: Constructor --- Teacher Name :: Pointer Teacher
------------- Inside Block ------------------
Department :: Constructor
Department :: Destructor
------------- Out of Block ------------------
Teacher :: Destructor --- Teacher Name :: Pointer Teacher
Teacher :: Destructor --- Teacher Name :: Reference Teacher
--------------- End Of Program --------------------
我想说明如何在Rails中实现这三个术语。ActiveRecord将两个模型之间的任何类型的关系称为关联。在阅读文档或文章时,人们不会经常发现术语组合和聚合与ActiveRecord相关。通过向类的主体中添加一个关联类宏来创建关联。其中一些宏是belongs_to, has_one, has_many等。
If we want to set up a composition or aggregation, we need to add belongs_to to the owned model (also called child) and has_one or has_many to the owning model (also called parent). Wether we set up composition or aggregation depends on the options we pass to the belongs_to call in the child model. Prior to Rails 5, setting up belongs_to without any options created an aggregation, the child could exist without a parent. If we wanted a composition, we needed to explicitly declare this by adding the option required: true:
class Room < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :house, required: true
end
在Rails 5中,这一点被改变了。现在,声明belongs_to关联在默认情况下创建了一个组合,子元素不能没有父元素而存在。所以上面的例子可以重写为:
class Room < ApplicationRecord
belongs_to :house
end
如果我们想要允许子对象在没有父对象的情况下存在,我们需要通过选项optional显式地声明这一点
class Product < ApplicationRecord
belongs_to :category, optional: true
end
我想这个链接可以帮到你:http://ootips.org/uml-hasa.html
为了理解这些术语,我记得我早期编程时的一个例子:
如果你有一个" chess board "对象它包含" box "对象那就是组合因为如果" chess board "被删除了盒子就没有理由再存在了。
如果你有一个'square'对象,它有一个'color'对象,正方形被删除了,'color'对象可能仍然存在,这就是聚合
它们都是关联,主要的区别是概念上的
联想是关系的广义概念。它包括组合和聚合。
组合(混合)是一种将简单对象或数据类型包装成单个单元的方法。组合是许多基本数据结构的关键构建块
聚合(将许多事物形成一个集群)不同于普通的组合,因为它不意味着所有权。在组合中,当拥有的对象被销毁时,包含的对象也被销毁。总的来说,这并不一定正确。
记住区别的技巧:
“有一个”:聚合 “局部”:comPOsitoin “是一个”:继承
context | Aggregation | Composition |
---|---|---|
Life time | objects have their own lifetime and there is no owner | controlled by whole or parent that owns it |
Scope | parent objects and child objects are independent | parent object also means the death of its children. |
Relationship | Has-a | Part-of |
Strength | weak relationship | strong relationship. |
Real-life example | Car and Driver | Car and wheels |
现在让我们观察下面的图像
类比:
合成:下图是图像合成,即使用单独的图像合成一张图像。
聚合:图像在单一位置的集合
例如,A大学有多个系,每个系都有一些教授。如果大学关闭,这些部门将不复存在,但这些部门的教授将继续存在。因此,一所大学可以被看作是一个系的组成部分,而系则是教授的集合。此外,教授可以在一个以上的部门工作,但一个部门不能属于一所以上的大学。
我知道这个问题被标记为c#,但概念是非常一般的问题,就像这里的这个重定向。所以我将在这里提供我的观点(从java的角度来看,我更舒服)。
当我们想到面向对象的本质时,我们总是想到对象、类(对象蓝图)以及它们之间的关系。对象之间通过方法相互关联和交互。换句话说,一个类的对象可以使用另一个类的对象提供的服务/方法。这种关系被称为关联。
聚合和组合是关联的子集,这意味着它们是关联的特定情况。
In both aggregation and composition object of one class "owns" object of another class. But there is a subtle difference. In Composition the object of class that is owned by the object of it's owning class cannot live on it's own(Also called "death relationship"). It will always live as a part of it's owning object where as in Aggregation the dependent object is standalone and can exist even if the object of owning class is dead. So in composition if owning object is garbage collected the owned object will also be which is not the case in aggregation.
困惑吗?
组合示例:以一辆汽车为例,它的发动机是这辆汽车特有的(意味着它不能用于任何其他汽车)。Car和SpecificEngine类之间的这种关系称为Composition。Car类的对象如果没有SpecificEngine类的对象就不能存在,而如果没有Car类,SpecificEngine的对象就没有意义。简单地说,Car类单独“拥有”SpecificEngine类。
聚合示例:现在考虑类Car和类Wheel。Car需要一个Wheel对象来运行。这意味着Car对象拥有Wheel对象,但我们不能说没有Car对象,Wheel对象就没有意义。它可以很好地用于自行车,卡车或不同的汽车对象。
总结一下
总而言之,关联是一个非常通用的术语,用于表示一个类使用另一个类提供的功能。如果一个父类对象拥有另一个子类对象,并且没有父类对象,这个子类对象就不能有意义地存在,我们就说它是复合。如果可以,则称为聚合。
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