Simple rules:
    A "owns" B = Composition : B has no meaning or purpose in the system 
    without A
    A "uses" B = Aggregation : B exists independently (conceptually) from A
    A "belongs/Have" B= Association; And B exists just have a relation
    Example 1:

    A Company is an aggregation of Employees.
    A Company is a composition of Accounts. When a Company ceases to do 
    business its Accounts cease to exist but its People continue to exist. 
    Employees have association relationship with each other.

    Example 2: (very simplified)
    A Text Editor owns a Buffer (composition). A Text Editor uses a File 
    (aggregation). When the Text Editor is closed,
    the Buffer is destroyed but the File itself is not destroyed.

在一个非常简单的句子中: 聚合和组合是关联的子集。

A使用B ->这是一个聚合 A需要B ->是复合。

点击这里阅读更多。

我想说明如何在Rails中实现这三个术语。ActiveRecord将两个模型之间的任何类型的关系称为关联。在阅读文档或文章时，人们不会经常发现术语组合和聚合与ActiveRecord相关。通过向类的主体中添加一个关联类宏来创建关联。其中一些宏是belongs_to, has_one, has_many等。

If we want to set up a composition or aggregation, we need to add belongs_to to the owned model (also called child) and has_one or has_many to the owning model (also called parent). Wether we set up composition or aggregation depends on the options we pass to the belongs_to call in the child model. Prior to Rails 5, setting up belongs_to without any options created an aggregation, the child could exist without a parent. If we wanted a composition, we needed to explicitly declare this by adding the option required: true:

class Room < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :house, required: true
end

在Rails 5中，这一点被改变了。现在，声明belongs_to关联在默认情况下创建了一个组合，子元素不能没有父元素而存在。所以上面的例子可以重写为:

class Room < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :house
end

如果我们想要允许子对象在没有父对象的情况下存在，我们需要通过选项optional显式地声明这一点

class Product < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :category, optional: true
end

协会

关联表示两个类之间的关系。它可以是单向的(单向)或双向的(双向)

例如:

单向

客户下单

双向

A和B结婚了 B和A结婚了

聚合

聚合是一种关联。但是有特定的特征。聚合是一个较大的“整体”类包含一个或多个较小的“部分”类之间的关系。相反，一个较小的“部分”类是“整个”较大类的一部分。

例如:

俱乐部有会员

一个俱乐部(“整体”)是由几个俱乐部成员(“部分”)组成的。会员可以在俱乐部外生活。如果俱乐部(“整体”)死亡，成员(“部分”)不会随之死亡。因为会员可以属于多个俱乐部(“整体”)。

作文

这是一种更强的聚合形式。“整体”对其“部分”的创造或破坏负责

例如:

学校有院系

在这种情况下，学校(“整体”)将消亡，部门(“部分”)将随之消亡。 因为每个部分只能属于一个“整体”。

组合(如果你删除“整体”，“部分”也会自动删除-“所有权”)

在新类中创建现有类的对象。这称为组合，因为新类是由现有类的对象组成的。 通常使用普通成员变量。 如果组合类自动处理负责创建/销毁子类的分配/回收，则可以使用指针值。

c++中的复合

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
/********************** Engine Class ******************/
class Engine
{
    int nEngineNumber;
    public:
    Engine(int nEngineNo);
    ~Engine(void);
};
Engine::Engine(int nEngineNo)
{
    cout<<" Engine :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Engine::~Engine(void)
{
    cout<<" Engine :: Destructor " <<endl;
}
/********************** Car Class ******************/
class Car
{
    int nCarColorNumber;
    int nCarModelNumber;
    Engine objEngine;
    public:
    Car (int, int,int);
    ~Car(void);
};
Car::Car(int nModelNo,int nColorNo, int nEngineNo):
nCarModelNumber(nModelNo),nCarColorNumber(nColorNo),objEngine(nEngineNo)
{
    cout<<" Car :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Car::~Car(void)
{
    cout<<" Car :: Destructor " <<endl;
    Car
    Engine
    Figure 1 : Composition
}
/********************** Bus Class ******************/
class Bus
{
    int nBusColorNumber;
    int nBusModelNumber;
    Engine* ptrEngine;
    public:
    Bus(int,int,int);
    ~Bus(void);
};
Bus::Bus(int nModelNo,int nColorNo, int nEngineNo):
nBusModelNumber(nModelNo),nBusColorNumber(nColorNo)
{
    ptrEngine = new Engine(nEngineNo);
    cout<<" Bus :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Bus::~Bus(void)
{
    cout<<" Bus :: Destructor " <<endl;
    delete ptrEngine;
}
/********************** Main Function ******************/
int main()
{
    freopen ("InstallationDump.Log", "w", stdout);
    cout<<"--------------- Start Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
    // Composition using simple Engine in a car object
    {
        cout<<"------------- Inside Car Block ------------------"<<endl;
        Car objCar (1, 2,3);
    }
    cout<<"------------- Out of Car Block ------------------"<<endl;
    // Composition using pointer of Engine in a Bus object
    {
        cout<<"------------- Inside Bus Block ------------------"<<endl;
        Bus objBus(11, 22,33);
    }
    cout<<"------------- Out of Bus Block ------------------"<<endl;
    cout<<"--------------- End Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
    fclose (stdout);
}

输出

--------------- Start Of Program --------------------
------------- Inside Car Block ------------------
Engine :: Constructor
Car :: Constructor
Car :: Destructor
Engine :: Destructor
------------- Out of Car Block ------------------
------------- Inside Bus Block ------------------
Engine :: Constructor
Bus :: Constructor
Bus :: Destructor
Engine :: Destructor
------------- Out of Bus Block ------------------
--------------- End Of Program --------------------

聚合(如果你删除“整体”，“部分”可以存在-“无所有权”)

聚合是一种特定类型的组合，其中不暗示复杂对象和子对象之间的所有权。当一个聚合被销毁时，子对象不会被销毁。 通常使用指针变量/引用变量指向在聚合类作用域之外的对象 可以使用指向在聚合类范围之外的对象的引用值吗 不负责创建/销毁子类

c++中的聚合代码

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
/********************** Teacher Class ******************/
class Teacher
{
    private:
    string m_strName;
    public:
    Teacher(string strName);
    ~Teacher(void);
    string GetName();
};
Teacher::Teacher(string strName) : m_strName(strName)
{
    cout<<" Teacher :: Constructor --- Teacher Name :: "<<m_strName<<endl;
}
Teacher::~Teacher(void)
{
    cout<<" Teacher :: Destructor --- Teacher Name :: "<<m_strName<<endl;
}
string Teacher::GetName()
{
    return m_strName;
}
/********************** Department Class ******************/
class Department
{
    private:
    Teacher *m_pcTeacher;
    Teacher& m_refTeacher;
    public:
    Department(Teacher *pcTeacher, Teacher& objTeacher);
    ~Department(void);
};
Department::Department(Teacher *pcTeacher, Teacher& objTeacher)
: m_pcTeacher(pcTeacher), m_refTeacher(objTeacher)
{
    cout<<" Department :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Department::~Department(void)
{
    cout<<" Department :: Destructor " <<endl;
}
/********************** Main Function ******************/
int main()
{
    freopen ("InstallationDump.Log", "w", stdout);
    cout<<"--------------- Start Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
    {
        // Create a teacher outside the scope of the Department
        Teacher objTeacher("Reference Teacher");
        Teacher *pTeacher = new Teacher("Pointer Teacher"); // create a teacher
        {
            cout<<"------------- Inside Block ------------------"<<endl;
            // Create a department and use the constructor parameter to pass the teacher to it.
            Department cDept(pTeacher,objTeacher);
            Department
            Teacher
            Figure 2: Aggregation
        } // cDept goes out of scope here and is destroyed
        cout<<"------------- Out of Block ------------------"<<endl;
        // pTeacher still exists here because cDept did not destroy it
        delete pTeacher;
    }
    cout<<"--------------- End Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
    fclose (stdout);
}

输出

--------------- Start Of Program --------------------
Teacher :: Constructor --- Teacher Name :: Reference Teacher
Teacher :: Constructor --- Teacher Name :: Pointer Teacher
------------- Inside Block ------------------
Department :: Constructor
Department :: Destructor
------------- Out of Block ------------------
Teacher :: Destructor --- Teacher Name :: Pointer Teacher
Teacher :: Destructor --- Teacher Name :: Reference Teacher
--------------- End Of Program --------------------

对于Foo和Bar这两个对象，可以定义关系

关联——我与一个对象有一种关系。Foo使用Bar

public class Foo {         
    private Bar bar;
};

注意:请参阅Fowler的定义-关键是Bar在语义上与Foo相关，而不仅仅是一个依赖项(如int或字符串)。

组合——我拥有一个对象，我对它的生命周期负责。当Foo死了，Bar也死了

public class Foo {
    private Bar bar = new Bar(); 
}

聚合——我有一个从别人那里借来的对象。当Foo死了，Bar可以活下去。

public class Foo { 
    private Bar bar; 
    Foo(Bar bar) { 
       this.bar = bar; 
    }
}