我发现这篇文章中的类比对我很有帮助。

Consider a person walking up to a locked door to provide care to a pet while the family is away on vacation. That person needs: Authentication is in the form of a key. The lock on the door only grants access to someone with the correct key in much the same way that a system only grants access to users who have the correct credentials. Authorization is in the form of permissions. Once inside, the person has the authorization to access the kitchen and open the cupboard that holds the pet food. The person may not have permission to go into the bedroom for a quick nap.

因此，简而言之，认证是关于用户身份的，而授权是关于用户权限的。

补充@Kerrek的答案;

身份验证为通用形式(所有员工都可以登录机器)

授权是专用形式(但管理员只能在机器上安装/卸载应用程序)

Authentication是一个验证的过程:

系统中的用户身份(用户名、登录名、电话号码、电子邮件……)，通过提供证明(密钥、生物识别、短信……)作为扩展的多因素身份验证。 使用数字签名检查电子邮件[关于] 校验和

授权是身份验证之后的下一步。它是关于资源的权限/角色/特权。OAuth(开放授权)是授权的一个例子

正如身份验证vs授权所言:

Authentication is the mechanism whereby systems may securely identify their users. Authentication systems provide an answers to the questions: Who is the user? Is the user really who he/she represents himself to be? Authorization, by contrast, is the mechanism by which a system determines what level of access a particular authenticated user should have to secured resources controlled by the system. For example, a database management system might be designed so as to provide certain specified individuals with the ability to retrieve information from a database but not the ability to change data stored in the datbase, while giving other individuals the ability to change data. Authorization systems provide answers to the questions: Is user X authorized to access resource R? Is user X authorized to perform operation P? Is user X authorized to perform operation P on resource R?

参见:

Wikipedia上的身份验证与授权

认证是识别有效用户的过程。

授权是验证用户访问级别的过程。

应用程序示例 用户A、用户B均为库存应用的认证用户。 两个用户都可以进入股票，但B对发行项目有更多的授权权力。

身份验证是验证所宣布的身份的过程。

例如,用户名/密码

通常接下来是授权，也就是批准你可以这样做或那样做。

如权限