正如身份验证vs授权所言:

Authentication is the mechanism whereby systems may securely identify their users. Authentication systems provide an answers to the questions: Who is the user? Is the user really who he/she represents himself to be? Authorization, by contrast, is the mechanism by which a system determines what level of access a particular authenticated user should have to secured resources controlled by the system. For example, a database management system might be designed so as to provide certain specified individuals with the ability to retrieve information from a database but not the ability to change data stored in the datbase, while giving other individuals the ability to change data. Authorization systems provide answers to the questions: Is user X authorized to access resource R? Is user X authorized to perform operation P? Is user X authorized to perform operation P on resource R?

参见:

Wikipedia上的身份验证与授权

定义

身份验证——你是你声称的那个人吗? 授权——你被授权去做你想做的事情吗?

例子

web应用程序使用谷歌登录。当用户成功登录后，谷歌发送回:

JWT令牌。可以对其进行验证和解码以获得身份验证信息。令牌是由谷歌签名的吗?用户的姓名和电子邮件是什么? 一个访问令牌。这将授权web应用程序代表用户访问谷歌api。例如，应用程序可以访问用户的谷歌日历事件吗?这些权限取决于请求的范围，以及用户是否允许。

另外:

公司可能有一个管理仪表板，允许客户支持来管理公司的用户。该公司使用谷歌Sign-In，而不是提供允许客户支持访问此仪表板的自定义注册解决方案。

JWT令牌(从谷歌登录过程接收)被发送到公司的授权服务器，以确定用户是否拥有组织托管域(email@company.com)的G Suite帐户?如果他们这样做了，他们是公司为客户支持而创建的谷歌小组的成员吗?如果以上都是，我们可以认为他们是通过认证的。

然后，公司的授权服务器向仪表板应用程序发送一个访问令牌。该访问令牌可用于向公司的资源服务器发出授权请求(例如，向发送回公司所有用户的端点发出GET请求的能力)。

我试图用最简单的语言来解释这一点

1)身份验证意味着“你是你所说的那个人吗?”

2)授权意味着“你能做你想做的事吗?”

这在下图中也有描述。

我试图用最好的术语来解释它，并创造了一个相同的图像。

补充@Kerrek的答案;

身份验证为通用形式(所有员工都可以登录机器)

授权是专用形式(但管理员只能在机器上安装/卸载应用程序)

简而言之，请。: -)

身份验证=登录名+密码(你是谁) 授权=权限(你被允许做的事情)

简短的“auth”最有可能指的是第一个或两者。

认证是验证实体身份的过程。例如

Webserver每次都要求用户输入登录名/密码，以验证创建该帐户的用户是否是现在正在访问该帐户的用户。

授权是允许每个实体获得所需数量的服务/资源的过程。例如

On blogging site (eg. medium.com) users can create an account and write a post and publish. And users can read all posts published by others as well. Here the blogging server first authenticates the user with the user login credentials (login/password) and then it authorizes to read all others post and write/modify the post only created by the user. Here authorization is used by the server to limit which all post each user can modify. Users can create a free google account by which google server provides free services like mail, calendar, chat, drives etc. But the storage provided for all these services to free users are 15GB (as of now). User can pay a monthly or annual fee to google server to increase the storage space. Here google server authorizes every authenticated user to limit the amount of resource usage.

在当今的互联网中，授权被广泛用于对客户端施加访问限制。