正如身份验证vs授权所言:

Authentication is the mechanism whereby systems may securely identify their users. Authentication systems provide an answers to the questions: Who is the user? Is the user really who he/she represents himself to be? Authorization, by contrast, is the mechanism by which a system determines what level of access a particular authenticated user should have to secured resources controlled by the system. For example, a database management system might be designed so as to provide certain specified individuals with the ability to retrieve information from a database but not the ability to change data stored in the datbase, while giving other individuals the ability to change data. Authorization systems provide answers to the questions: Is user X authorized to access resource R? Is user X authorized to perform operation P? Is user X authorized to perform operation P on resource R?

参见:

Wikipedia上的身份验证与授权

假设你注册了一个技术会议。你到了，走到外面的登记桌前领取你的会议徽章。你必须先出示某种形式的身份证明，比如驾照。你的驾照可以识别你的身份(比如你的照片)，并由一个受信任的实体(车管所)分发。这就是身份验证。

工作人员将你的徽章交给你，徽章是红色、蓝色或绿色的。在会场内走一圈，你会发现一些展品都是用颜色标注的。有了绿色徽章，您可以进入绿色的展品，但不能进入蓝色或红色的展品。徽章不是由DMV分发的，而是由会议本身分发的，用于访问会议厅内的会议资源。

徽章上不一定有任何可以识别你的东西(徽章上可能印着你的名字，但你可以很容易地借用你朋友的蓝色徽章去参观蓝色展览——没有人会检查你的名字，只有蓝色)。你徽章的颜色允许你进入展品。这就是授权。

混淆是可以理解的，因为这两个词听起来很相似，而且概念经常密切相关并一起使用。此外，如前所述，常用的缩写Auth也没有帮助。

其他人已经很好地描述了身份验证和授权的含义。这里有一个简单的规则来帮助区分这两者:

身份验证验证您的身份(或真实性，如果您喜欢) 授权验证您的权限，即您访问和可能更改某些内容的权利。

正如身份验证vs授权所言:

Authentication is the mechanism whereby systems may securely identify their users. Authentication systems provide an answers to the questions: Who is the user? Is the user really who he/she represents himself to be? Authorization, by contrast, is the mechanism by which a system determines what level of access a particular authenticated user should have to secured resources controlled by the system. For example, a database management system might be designed so as to provide certain specified individuals with the ability to retrieve information from a database but not the ability to change data stored in the datbase, while giving other individuals the ability to change data. Authorization systems provide answers to the questions: Is user X authorized to access resource R? Is user X authorized to perform operation P? Is user X authorized to perform operation P on resource R?

参见:

Wikipedia上的身份验证与授权

身份验证是确定某人确实是他们所声称的那个人的过程。 授权是指决定谁可以做什么的规则。例如，亚当可能被授权创建和删除数据库， 而Usama只被授权阅读。

这两个概念是完全正交和独立的，但它们都是安全设计的核心，如果其中任何一个概念都不正确，就会导致妥协。

就web应用程序而言，简单地说，身份验证是指你检查登录凭证，看看你是否识别出用户已登录，而授权是指你在访问控制中查看是否允许用户查看、编辑、删除或创建内容。

我试图用最简单的语言来解释这一点

1)身份验证意味着“你是你所说的那个人吗?”

2)授权意味着“你能做你想做的事吗?”

这在下图中也有描述。

我试图用最好的术语来解释它，并创造了一个相同的图像。