正如身份验证vs授权所言:

Authentication is the mechanism whereby systems may securely identify their users. Authentication systems provide an answers to the questions: Who is the user? Is the user really who he/she represents himself to be? Authorization, by contrast, is the mechanism by which a system determines what level of access a particular authenticated user should have to secured resources controlled by the system. For example, a database management system might be designed so as to provide certain specified individuals with the ability to retrieve information from a database but not the ability to change data stored in the datbase, while giving other individuals the ability to change data. Authorization systems provide answers to the questions: Is user X authorized to access resource R? Is user X authorized to perform operation P? Is user X authorized to perform operation P on resource R?

参见:

Wikipedia上的身份验证与授权

认证是识别有效用户的过程。

授权是验证用户访问级别的过程。

应用程序示例 用户A、用户B均为库存应用的认证用户。 两个用户都可以进入股票，但B对发行项目有更多的授权权力。

补充@Kerrek的答案;

身份验证为通用形式(所有员工都可以登录机器)

授权是专用形式(但管理员只能在机器上安装/卸载应用程序)

正如身份验证vs授权所言:

Authentication is the mechanism whereby systems may securely identify their users. Authentication systems provide an answers to the questions: Who is the user? Is the user really who he/she represents himself to be? Authorization, by contrast, is the mechanism by which a system determines what level of access a particular authenticated user should have to secured resources controlled by the system. For example, a database management system might be designed so as to provide certain specified individuals with the ability to retrieve information from a database but not the ability to change data stored in the datbase, while giving other individuals the ability to change data. Authorization systems provide answers to the questions: Is user X authorized to access resource R? Is user X authorized to perform operation P? Is user X authorized to perform operation P on resource R?

参见:

Wikipedia上的身份验证与授权

身份验证是通过获取某种凭据(例如用户名密码组合)来验证用户身份的过程，并使用这些凭据来验证用户的身份。

授权是通过检查用户是否具有系统访问权限，从而允许经过认证的用户访问其资源的过程。您可以通过向已验证的用户授予或拒绝特定的权限来控制访问权限。因此，如果身份验证成功，则启动授权过程。认证过程始终进行到授权过程。

用于授权的JWT: JWT是一种基于JSON的安全令牌格式，它基本上是一个base64 url编码的字符串，用于传输 保护两个应用程序之间的内容。它们用于保护Web api中的请求数据。这些都包含在授权HTTP报头中，作为承载身份验证方案的一部分。

OAuth代表授权:OAuth不是API或服务:它是授权的开放标准，任何人都可以实现它。有了OAuth，你可以用你的谷歌、Facebook、Twitter或微软账户登录第三方网站，而不需要提供密码。这样你就可以避免在互联网上使用的每个web应用程序上创建帐户和记住密码。

我发现这篇文章中的类比对我很有帮助。

Consider a person walking up to a locked door to provide care to a pet while the family is away on vacation. That person needs: Authentication is in the form of a key. The lock on the door only grants access to someone with the correct key in much the same way that a system only grants access to users who have the correct credentials. Authorization is in the form of permissions. Once inside, the person has the authorization to access the kitchen and open the cupboard that holds the pet food. The person may not have permission to go into the bedroom for a quick nap.

因此，简而言之，认证是关于用户身份的，而授权是关于用户权限的。