第一个问题是，你真正期望它有多大?你们计划在基础设施上投资多少?既然你觉得有必要在这里问这个问题，我猜你希望从有限的预算开始。

Performance is irrelevant if the site is not available. And for availability you need horizontal scaling. The minimum you can sensibly get away with is 2 servers, both running apache, php and mysql. Set up one DBMS as a slave to the other. Do all the writes on the master, and all the reads on the local database (whatever that is) - unless for some reason you need to read back the data you've just read (use master). Make sure you've got the machinery in place to automatically promote the slave and fence the master. Use round-robin DNS for the webserver addresses to give more affinity for the slave node.

在这个阶段，在不同的数据库节点上划分你的数据是一个非常糟糕的主意——然而，你可能会考虑在同一台服务器上的不同数据库上划分数据(当你超越facebook时，这将有助于跨节点划分)。

一定要确保你有适当的监控和数据分析工具来衡量你的网站性能和识别瓶颈。大多数性能问题都可以通过编写更好的SQL /修复数据库模式来解决。

将模板缓存保存在数据库上是一个愚蠢的想法——数据库应该是结构化数据的中央公共存储库。将你的模板缓存保存在你的web服务器的本地文件系统中——这样会更快，也不会降低你对数据库的访问速度。

使用操作码缓存。

花大量的时间研究你的网站和它的日志，了解为什么它运行得这么慢。

将尽可能多的缓存推到客户端。

使用mod_gzip可以压缩所有内容。

C.

PDO也非常慢，而且它的API相当复杂。如果不考虑可移植性，任何头脑正常的人都不应该使用它。让我们面对现实吧，99%的网络应用都不是这样的。你只需坚持使用MySQL或PostrgreSQL，或任何你正在使用的。

至于PHP的问题和要考虑什么。我认为过早的优化是万恶之源。,)首先完成你的应用程序，在编程时尽量保持干净，做一点文档并编写单元测试。有了以上所有的方法，在必要的时候重构代码就没有问题了。但首先你想把它做完，然后把它推出去，看看人们对它有什么反应。

一般

在开始看到真实世界的负载之前，不要尝试优化。你可能猜对了，但如果你猜错了，那你就是在浪费时间。 使用jmeter、xdebug或其他工具对站点进行基准测试。 如果加载开始成为一个问题，对象或数据缓存都可能涉及到，所以通常阅读缓存选项(memcached, MySQL缓存选项)

Code

对代码进行分析，以便了解瓶颈在哪里，以及它是在代码中还是在数据库中

数据库

Use MYSQLi if portability to other databases is not vital, PDO otherwise If benchmarks reveal the database is the issue, check the queries before you start caching. Use EXPLAIN to see where your queries are slowing down. After the queries are optimized and the database is cached in some way, you may want to use multiple databases. Either replicating to multiple servers or sharding (splitting the data over multiple databases/servers) may be appropriate, depending on the data, the queries, and the kind of read/write behavior.

缓存

Plenty of writing has been done on caching code, objects, and data. Look up articles on APC, Zend Optimizer, memcached, QuickCache, JPCache. Do some of this before you really need to, and you'll be less concerned about starting off unoptimized. APC and Zend Optimizer are opcode caches, they speed up PHP code by avoiding reparsing and recompilation of code. Generally simple to install, worth doing early. Memcached is a generic cache, that you can use to cache queries, PHP functions or objects, or entire pages. Code must be specifically written to use it, which can be an involved process if there are no central points to handle creation, update and deletion of cached objects. QuickCache and JPCache are file caches, otherwise similar to Memcached. The basic concept is simple, but also requires code and is easier with central points of creation, update and deletion.

杂项

考虑高负载的替代web服务器。像lighthttp和nginx这样的服务器可以用比Apache少得多的内存处理大量流量，如果你可以牺牲Apache的强大功能和灵活性(或者如果你不需要这些东西，通常情况下，你不需要)。 请记住，现在的硬件非常便宜，所以一定要花费精力来优化一大块代码，而不是“让我们购买一个巨型服务器”。 考虑将“MySQL”和“scaling”标签添加到这个问题中

我不认为自己会很快从MySQL转换过来——所以我想我不需要PDO的抽象功能。DavidM，谢谢你的文章，它们帮了我很多。

看来我错了。MySQLi仍在开发中。但是根据这篇文章，PDO_MySQL现在由MySQL团队贡献。摘自文章:

The MySQL Improved Extension - mysqli - is the flagship. It supports all features of the MySQL Server including Charsets, Prepared Statements and Stored Procedures. The driver offers a hybrid API: you can use a procedural or object-oriented programming style based on your preference. mysqli comes with PHP 5 and up. Note that the End of life for PHP 4 is 2008-08-08. The PHP Data Objects (PDO) are a database access abstraction layer. PDO allows you to use the same API calls for various databases. PDO does not offer any degree of SQL abstraction. PDO_MYSQL is a MySQL driver for PDO. PDO_MYSQL comes with PHP 5. As of PHP 5.3 MySQL developers actively contribute to it. The PDO benefit of a unified API comes at the price that MySQL specific features, for example multiple statements, are not fully supported through the unified API. Please stop using the first MySQL driver for PHP ever published: ext/mysql. Since the introduction of the MySQL Improved Extension - mysqli - in 2004 with PHP 5 there is no reason to still use the oldest driver around. ext/mysql does not support Charsets, Prepared Statements and Stored Procedures. It is limited to the feature set of MySQL 4.0. Note that the Extended Support for MySQL 4.0 ends at 2008-12-31. Don't limit yourself to the feature set of such old software! Upgrade to mysqli, see also Converting_to_MySQLi. mysql is in maintenance only mode from our point of view.

对我来说，这篇文章似乎偏向MySQLi。我想我偏向于PDO。 我真的很喜欢PDO胜过MySQLi。这对我来说很简单。这个API更接近于我编写的其他语言。OO数据库接口似乎工作得更好。

我还没有遇到过任何PDO无法提供的MySQL特性。如果有的话，我才会惊讶呢。

APC是绝对必须的。它不仅是一个伟大的缓存系统，而且从自动缓存的PHP文件中获得的好处是天赐良机。至于多数据库的想法，我认为在同一台服务器上使用不同的数据库不会有什么好处。它可能会在查询时提高一些速度，但我怀疑为确保三者同步而部署和维护代码所付出的努力是否值得。

我还强烈建议运行Xdebug来查找程序中的瓶颈。它使优化对我来说轻而易举。