这是一个解决方案。

[Test]
public void TestForOutParameterInMoq()
{
  //Arrange
  _mockParameterManager= new Mock<IParameterManager>();

  Mock<IParameter > mockParameter= new Mock<IParameter >();
  //Parameter affectation should be useless but is not. It's really used by Moq 
  IParameter parameter= mockParameter.Object;

  //Mock method used in UpperParameterManager
  _mockParameterManager.Setup(x => x.OutMethod(out parameter));

  //Act with the real instance
  _UpperParameterManager.UpperOutMethod(out parameter);

  //Assert that method used on the out parameter of inner out method are really called
  mockParameter.Verify(x => x.FunctionCalledInOutMethodAfterInnerOutMethod(),Times.Once());

}

在Billy Jakes awnser的基础上，我用一个out参数做了一个完全动态的模拟方法。我把这个贴在这里给那些觉得有用的人。

// Define a delegate with the params of the method that returns void.
delegate void methodDelegate(int x, out string output);

// Define a variable to store the return value.
bool returnValue;

// Mock the method: 
// Do all logic in .Callback and store the return value.
// Then return the return value in the .Returns
mockHighlighter.Setup(h => h.SomeMethod(It.IsAny<int>(), out It.Ref<int>.IsAny))
  .Callback(new methodDelegate((int x, out int output) =>
  {
    // do some logic to set the output and return value.
    output = ...
    returnValue = ...
  }))
  .Returns(() => returnValue);

这是一个解决方案。

[Test]
public void TestForOutParameterInMoq()
{
  //Arrange
  _mockParameterManager= new Mock<IParameterManager>();

  Mock<IParameter > mockParameter= new Mock<IParameter >();
  //Parameter affectation should be useless but is not. It's really used by Moq 
  IParameter parameter= mockParameter.Object;

  //Mock method used in UpperParameterManager
  _mockParameterManager.Setup(x => x.OutMethod(out parameter));

  //Act with the real instance
  _UpperParameterManager.UpperOutMethod(out parameter);

  //Assert that method used on the out parameter of inner out method are really called
  mockParameter.Verify(x => x.FunctionCalledInOutMethodAfterInnerOutMethod(),Times.Once());

}

在VS2022中，你可以简单地做:

foo.Setup(e => e.TryGetValue(out It.Ref<ExampleType>.IsAny))
.Returns((ref ExampleType exampleType) => {
exampleType = new ExampleType();
return true;
})

对于“out”，下面的方法似乎对我有用。

public interface IService
{
    void DoSomething(out string a);
}

[TestMethod]
public void Test()
{
    var service = new Mock<IService>();
    var expectedValue = "value";
    service.Setup(s => s.DoSomething(out expectedValue));

    string actualValue;
    service.Object.DoSomething(out actualValue);
    Assert.AreEqual(expectedValue, actualValue);
}

我猜当你调用Setup并记住它时，Moq会查看“expectedValue”的值。

作为裁判，我也在寻找答案。

我发现下面的快速入门指南很有用: https://github.com/Moq/moq4/wiki/Quickstart

编辑:在Moq 4.10中，你现在可以将一个带有out或ref参数的委托直接传递给Callback函数:

mock
  .Setup(x=>x.Method(out d))
  .Callback(myDelegate)
  .Returns(...); 

你必须定义一个委托并实例化它:

...
.Callback(new MyDelegate((out decimal v)=>v=12m))
...

对于4.10之前的Moq版本:

Avner Kashtan在他的博客中提供了一个扩展方法，允许从回调设置输出参数:Moq, Callbacks和out参数:一个特别棘手的边缘情况

这个解决方案既优雅又俗气。优雅之处在于它提供了流畅的语法，感觉与其他Moq回调一样轻松。它依赖于通过反射调用一些内部Moq api。

上面链接中提供的扩展方法没有为我编译，所以我在下面提供了一个编辑过的版本。您需要为您拥有的每个输入参数数量创建一个签名;我已经提供了0和1，但是进一步扩展它应该很简单:

public static class MoqExtensions
{
    public delegate void OutAction<TOut>(out TOut outVal);
    public delegate void OutAction<in T1,TOut>(T1 arg1, out TOut outVal);

    public static IReturnsThrows<TMock, TReturn> OutCallback<TMock, TReturn, TOut>(this ICallback<TMock, TReturn> mock, OutAction<TOut> action)
        where TMock : class
    {
        return OutCallbackInternal(mock, action);
    }

    public static IReturnsThrows<TMock, TReturn> OutCallback<TMock, TReturn, T1, TOut>(this ICallback<TMock, TReturn> mock, OutAction<T1, TOut> action)
        where TMock : class
    {
        return OutCallbackInternal(mock, action);
    }

    private static IReturnsThrows<TMock, TReturn> OutCallbackInternal<TMock, TReturn>(ICallback<TMock, TReturn> mock, object action)
        where TMock : class
    {
        mock.GetType()
            .Assembly.GetType("Moq.MethodCall")
            .InvokeMember("SetCallbackWithArguments", BindingFlags.InvokeMethod | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance, null, mock,
                new[] { action });
        return mock as IReturnsThrows<TMock, TReturn>;
    }
}

使用上面的扩展方法，你可以测试一个接口的参数，比如:

public interface IParser
{
    bool TryParse(string token, out int value);
}

. .最小起订量设置如下:

    [TestMethod]
    public void ParserTest()
    {
        Mock<IParser> parserMock = new Mock<IParser>();

        int outVal;
        parserMock
            .Setup(p => p.TryParse("6", out outVal))
            .OutCallback((string t, out int v) => v = 6)
            .Returns(true);

        int actualValue;
        bool ret = parserMock.Object.TryParse("6", out actualValue);

        Assert.IsTrue(ret);
        Assert.AreEqual(6, actualValue);
    }

编辑:为了支持void-return方法，你只需要添加新的重载方法:

public static ICallbackResult OutCallback<TOut>(this ICallback mock, OutAction<TOut> action)
{
    return OutCallbackInternal(mock, action);
}

public static ICallbackResult OutCallback<T1, TOut>(this ICallback mock, OutAction<T1, TOut> action)
{
    return OutCallbackInternal(mock, action);
}

private static ICallbackResult OutCallbackInternal(ICallback mock, object action)
{
    mock.GetType().Assembly.GetType("Moq.MethodCall")
        .InvokeMember("SetCallbackWithArguments", BindingFlags.InvokeMethod | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance, null, mock, new[] { action });
    return (ICallbackResult)mock;
}

这允许测试接口，如:

public interface IValidationRule
{
    void Validate(string input, out string message);
}

[TestMethod]
public void ValidatorTest()
{
    Mock<IValidationRule> validatorMock = new Mock<IValidationRule>();

    string outMessage;
    validatorMock
        .Setup(v => v.Validate("input", out outMessage))
        .OutCallback((string i, out string m) => m  = "success");

    string actualMessage;
    validatorMock.Object.Validate("input", out actualMessage);

    Assert.AreEqual("success", actualMessage);
}