我不时地读到Fortran在繁重的计算中比C更快。这是真的吗?我必须承认我几乎不懂Fortran,但是到目前为止我看到的Fortran代码并没有显示出该语言具有C语言所不具备的特性。

如果是真的,请告诉我原因。请不要告诉我什么语言或库适合处理数字,我不打算写一个应用程序或库来做这个,我只是好奇。


当前回答

简单快捷: 这两种语言同样快,但Fortran更简单。 到底哪个更快取决于算法,但无论如何,速度上没有很大的差别。这是我2015年在德国斯图加德高性能计算中心的Fortran研讨会上所学到的。我同时使用Fortran和C语言,我也有同样的观点。

解释:

C语言是用来编写操作系统的。因此,它拥有编写高性能代码所需的更多自由。一般来说,这是没有问题的,但是如果一个人不仔细编程,他很容易减慢代码的速度。

Fortran是为科学编程而设计的。因此,它支持编写语法方面的快速代码,因为这是Fortran的主要目的。与公众的看法相反,Fortran并不是一种过时的编程语言。它的最新标准是2010年,新的编译器定期发布,因为大多数高性能代码都是用Fortran编写的。Fortran进一步支持现代功能,如编译器指令(在C语言中)。

例子: 我们想给一个大的结构体作为函数的输入参数(fortran: suboutine)。在函数中,参数不会被改变。

C同时支持引用调用和值调用,这是一个非常方便的特性。在我们的例子中,程序员可能会意外地使用按值调用。这大大降低了速度,因为需要首先将结构体复制到内存中。

Fortran只使用引用调用,这迫使程序员手动复制结构,如果他真的想要按值调用操作。在我们的例子中,通过引用调用,fortran将自动和C版本一样快。

其他回答

没有一种语言比另一种语言更快,所以正确的答案是否定的。

你真正要问的是“用Fortran编译器X编译的代码是否比用C编译器Y编译的等效代码更快?”这个问题的答案当然取决于您选择哪两个编译器。

人们可能会问的另一个问题是“考虑到在他们的编译器中优化投入了相同的精力,哪个编译器会生成更快的代码?” 这个问题的答案实际上是Fortran。Fortran编译器有一些优势:

Fortran had to compete with Assembly back in the day when some vowed never to use compilers, so it was designed for speed. C was designed to be flexible. Fortran's niche has been number crunching. In this domain code is never fast enough. So there's always been a lot of pressure to keep the language efficient. Most of the research in compiler optimizations is done by people interested in speeding up Fortran number crunching code, so optimizing Fortran code is a much better known problem than optimizing any other compiled language, and new innovations show up in Fortran compilers first. Biggie: C encourages much more pointer use than Fortran. This drasticly increases the potential scope of any data item in a C program, which makes them far harder to optimize. Note that Ada is also way better than C in this realm, and is a much more modern OO Language than the commonly found Fortran77. If you want an OO langauge that can generate faster code than C, this is an option for you. Due again to its number-crunching niche, the customers of Fortran compilers tend to care more about optimization than the customers of C compilers.

然而,没有什么能阻止人们在C编译器的优化上投入大量精力,并使其生成比他们平台的Fortran编译器更好的代码。事实上,C编译器产生的较大销售额使得这种情况非常可行

使用现代标准和编译器,不!

Some of the folks here have suggested that FORTRAN is faster because the compiler doesn't need to worry about aliasing (and hence can make more assumptions during optimisation). However, this has been dealt with in C since the C99 (I think) standard with the inclusion of the restrict keyword. Which basically tells the compiler, that within a give scope, the pointer is not aliased. Furthermore C enables proper pointer arithmetic, where things like aliasing can be very useful in terms of performance and resource allocation. Although I think more recent version of FORTRAN enable the use of "proper" pointers.

对于现代实现,C通用优于FORTRAN(尽管它也非常快)。

http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/u64q/fortran.html

编辑:

一个公平的批评似乎是,基准测试可能是有偏见的。这里是另一个来源(相对于C),将结果放在更多的上下文中:

http://julialang.org/benchmarks/

你可以看到C在大多数情况下优于Fortran(再次看到下面的批评也适用于这里);正如其他人所指出的,基准测试是一门不精确的科学,很容易偏袒一种语言而不是其他语言。但它确实说明了Fortran和C语言有相似的性能。

This is more than somewhat subjective, because it gets into the quality of compilers and such more than anything else. However, to more directly answer your question, speaking from a language/compiler standpoint there is nothing about Fortran over C that is going to make it inherently faster or better than C. If you are doing heavy math operations, it will come down to the quality of the compiler, the skill of the programmer in each language and the intrinsic math support libraries that support those operations to ultimately determine which is going to be faster for a given implementation.

编辑:@Nils等人提出了一个很好的观点,即C语言中指针使用的差异,以及可能存在的别名,这可能会使C语言中最简单的实现变慢。然而,在C99中有一些方法可以解决这个问题,比如通过编译器优化标志和/或C语言的实际编写方式。这在@Nils的回答和随后的评论中有很好的介绍。

Fortran有更好的I/O例程,例如隐含的do工具提供了C标准库无法比拟的灵活性。

Fortran编译器直接处理更复杂的 涉及到语法,而且这样的语法不能轻易简化 参数传递形式,C不能有效地实现它。

我是一个业余程序员,在这两种语言上我都是“平均”。 我发现编写快速Fortran代码比编写C(或c++)代码更容易。Fortran和C都是“历史悠久”的语言(按照今天的标准),被大量使用,并且很好地支持免费和商业编译器。

我不知道这是否是一个历史事实,但Fortran感觉它是为并行/分布式/向量化/多核化而构建的。今天,当我们谈论速度时,它几乎是“标准度量”:“它能缩放吗?”

对于纯粹的cpu计算,我喜欢Fortran。对于任何与IO相关的东西,我发现使用c更容易(无论如何这两种情况都很困难)。

当然,对于并行计算密集型代码,你可能需要使用GPU。C和Fortran都有很多或多或少很好地集成了CUDA/OpenCL接口(现在还有OpenACC)。

我比较客观的回答是:如果你对这两种语言都同样了解或不了解,那么我认为Fortran更快,因为我发现用Fortran写并行/分布式代码比用c更容易(一旦你明白你可以写“自由形式”Fortran,而不仅仅是严格的F77代码)

Here is a 2nd answer for those willing to downvote me because they don't like the 1st answer : Both language have the features required to write high-performance code. So it's dependent of the algorithm you're implementing (cpu intensive ? io intensive ? memory intensive?), the hardware (single cpu ? multi-core ? distribute supercomputer ? GPGPU ? FPGA ?), your skill and ultimately the compiler itself. Both C and Fortran have awesome compiler. (i'm seriously amazed by how advanced Fortran compilers are but so are C compilers).

PS:我很高兴你特别排除了库,因为我有很多关于Fortran GUI库的不好的东西要说。:)