长话短说，让我们留下矩形矩形和正方形，实际的例子，当扩展一个父类时，你必须要么保留确切的父API，要么扩展IT。

假设您有一个基本ItemsRepository。

class ItemsRepository
{
    /**
    * @return int Returns number of deleted rows
    */
    public function delete()
    {
        // perform a delete query
        $numberOfDeletedRows = 10;

        return $numberOfDeletedRows;
    }
}

以及扩展它的子类:

class BadlyExtendedItemsRepository extends ItemsRepository
{
    /**
     * @return void Was suppose to return an INT like parent, but did not, breaks LSP
     */
    public function delete()
    {
        // perform a delete query
        $numberOfDeletedRows = 10;

        // we broke the behaviour of the parent class
        return;
    }
}

然后，您可以让客户端使用Base ItemsRepository API并依赖它。

/**
 * Class ItemsService is a client for public ItemsRepository "API" (the public delete method).
 *
 * Technically, I am able to pass into a constructor a sub-class of the ItemsRepository
 * but if the sub-class won't abide the base class API, the client will get broken.
 */
class ItemsService
{
    /**
     * @var ItemsRepository
     */
    private $itemsRepository;

    /**
     * @param ItemsRepository $itemsRepository
     */
    public function __construct(ItemsRepository $itemsRepository)
    {
        $this->itemsRepository = $itemsRepository;
    }

    /**
     * !!! Notice how this is suppose to return an int. My clients expect it based on the
     * ItemsRepository API in the constructor !!!
     *
     * @return int
     */
    public function delete()
    {
        return $this->itemsRepository->delete();
    }
} 

当用子类替换父类破坏了API的契约时，LSP就被破坏了。

class ItemsController
{
    /**
     * Valid delete action when using the base class.
     */
    public function validDeleteAction()
    {
        $itemsService = new ItemsService(new ItemsRepository());
        $numberOfDeletedItems = $itemsService->delete();

        // $numberOfDeletedItems is an INT :)
    }

    /**
     * Invalid delete action when using a subclass.
     */
    public function brokenDeleteAction()
    {
        $itemsService = new ItemsService(new BadlyExtendedItemsRepository());
        $numberOfDeletedItems = $itemsService->delete();

        // $numberOfDeletedItems is a NULL :(
    }
}

你可以在我的课程中学习更多关于编写可维护软件的知识:https://www.udemy.com/enterprise-php/

以Board数组的形式实现ThreeDBoard会有用吗?

也许你想把不同平面上的ThreeDBoard切片作为一个板。在这种情况下，您可能希望为Board抽象出一个接口(或抽象类)，以允许多种实现。

就外部接口而言，您可能希望为TwoDBoard和ThreeDBoard提取一个Board接口(尽管上述方法都不适合)。

这里有一个清单来确定你是否违反了利斯科夫法则。

如果你违反了以下项目之一->，你违反了里斯科夫。 如果你不违反任何->不能得出任何结论。

检查表:

No new exceptions should be thrown in derived class: If your base class threw ArgumentNullException then your sub classes were only allowed to throw exceptions of type ArgumentNullException or any exceptions derived from ArgumentNullException. Throwing IndexOutOfRangeException is a violation of Liskov. Pre-conditions cannot be strengthened: Assume your base class works with a member int. Now your sub-type requires that int to be positive. This is strengthened pre-conditions, and now any code that worked perfectly fine before with negative ints is broken. Post-conditions cannot be weakened: Assume your base class required all connections to the database should be closed before the method returned. In your sub-class you overrode that method and left the connection open for further reuse. You have weakened the post-conditions of that method. Invariants must be preserved: The most difficult and painful constraint to fulfill. Invariants are sometimes hidden in the base class and the only way to reveal them is to read the code of the base class. Basically you have to be sure when you override a method anything unchangeable must remain unchanged after your overridden method is executed. The best thing I can think of is to enforce these invariant constraints in the base class but that would not be easy. History Constraint: When overriding a method you are not allowed to modify an unmodifiable property in the base class. Take a look at these code and you can see Name is defined to be unmodifiable (private set) but SubType introduces new method that allows modifying it (through reflection): public class SuperType { public string Name { get; private set; } public SuperType(string name, int age) { Name = name; Age = age; } } public class SubType : SuperType { public void ChangeName(string newName) { var propertyType = base.GetType().GetProperty("Name").SetValue(this, newName); } }

还有2项:方法参数的逆变性和返回类型的协方差。但这在c#中是不可能的(我是c#开发人员)，所以我不关心它们。

Liskov替换原理(LSP, LSP)是面向对象编程中的一个概念，它指出:

函数使用指针或 基类的引用必须是 能够使用派生类的对象 在不知不觉中。

LSP的核心是关于接口和契约，以及如何决定何时扩展一个类，还是使用另一种策略(如组合)来实现您的目标。

我所见过的说明这一点的最有效的方法是《Head First OOA&D》。它们呈现的场景是，你是一名致力于为策略游戏构建框架的项目开发者。

他们展示了一个类，它代表一个板子，看起来像这样:

所有的方法都以X和Y坐标作为参数来定位tile在二维tile数组中的位置。这将允许游戏开发者在游戏过程中管理棋盘上的单位。

这本书继续改变了要求，说游戏框架工作也必须支持3D游戏板，以适应有飞行的游戏。因此引入了一个ThreeDBoard类，它扩展了Board。

乍一看，这似乎是个不错的决定。Board提供了高度和宽度属性，ThreeDBoard提供了Z轴。

当你看到从董事会继承的所有其他成员时，它就失效了。AddUnit, GetTile, GetUnits等方法在Board类中都采用X和Y参数，但ThreeDBoard也需要Z参数。

因此，您必须使用Z参数再次实现这些方法。Z参数没有Board类的上下文，从Board类继承的方法失去了意义。试图使用ThreeDBoard类作为其基类Board的代码单元将非常不走运。

也许我们应该另想办法。ThreeDBoard应该由Board对象组成，而不是扩展Board。Z轴上每单位一个板子对象。

这允许我们使用良好的面向对象原则，如封装和重用，并且不违反LSP。

在一个非常简单的句子中，我们可以说:

子类不能违背它的基类特征。它必须有能力。我们可以说这和子类型是一样的。

Liskov's Substitution Principle(LSP) All the time we design a program module and we create some class hierarchies. Then we extend some classes creating some derived classes. We must make sure that the new derived classes just extend without replacing the functionality of old classes. Otherwise, the new classes can produce undesired effects when they are used in existing program modules. Liskov's Substitution Principle states that if a program module is using a Base class, then the reference to the Base class can be replaced with a Derived class without affecting the functionality of the program module.

例子:

Below is the classic example for which the Liskov's Substitution Principle is violated. In the example, 2 classes are used: Rectangle and Square. Let's assume that the Rectangle object is used somewhere in the application. We extend the application and add the Square class. The square class is returned by a factory pattern, based on some conditions and we don't know the exact what type of object will be returned. But we know it's a Rectangle. We get the rectangle object, set the width to 5 and height to 10 and get the area. For a rectangle with width 5 and height 10, the area should be 50. Instead, the result will be 100

    // Violation of Likov's Substitution Principle
class Rectangle {
    protected int m_width;
    protected int m_height;

    public void setWidth(int width) {
        m_width = width;
    }

    public void setHeight(int height) {
        m_height = height;
    }

    public int getWidth() {
        return m_width;
    }

    public int getHeight() {
        return m_height;
    }

    public int getArea() {
        return m_width * m_height;
    }
}

class Square extends Rectangle {
    public void setWidth(int width) {
        m_width = width;
        m_height = width;
    }

    public void setHeight(int height) {
        m_width = height;
        m_height = height;
    }

}

class LspTest {
    private static Rectangle getNewRectangle() {
        // it can be an object returned by some factory ...
        return new Square();
    }

    public static void main(String args[]) {
        Rectangle r = LspTest.getNewRectangle();

        r.setWidth(5);
        r.setHeight(10);
        // user knows that r it's a rectangle.
        // It assumes that he's able to set the width and height as for the base
        // class

        System.out.println(r.getArea());
        // now he's surprised to see that the area is 100 instead of 50.
    }
}

结论: 这个原则只是开闭原则的延伸 意味着我们必须确保新的派生类正在扩展 基类而不改变它们的行为。

参见:开闭原则

对于更好的结构，还有一些类似的概念:约定优于配置