这只是我的个人意见。通过使用这段代码，您可以在具有跨平台接口的C/ c++中找到当前应用程序的目录。

void getExecutablePath(char ** path, unsigned int * pathLength)
{
    // Early exit when invalid out-parameters are passed
    if (!checkStringOutParameter(path, pathLength))
    {
        return;
    }

#if defined SYSTEM_LINUX

    // Preallocate PATH_MAX (e.g., 4096) characters and hope the executable path isn't longer (including null byte)
    char exePath[PATH_MAX];

    // Return written bytes, indicating if memory was sufficient
    int len = readlink("/proc/self/exe", exePath, PATH_MAX);

    if (len <= 0 || len == PATH_MAX) // memory not sufficient or general error occured
    {
        invalidateStringOutParameter(path, pathLength);
        return;
    }

    // Copy contents to caller, create caller ownership
    copyToStringOutParameter(exePath, len, path, pathLength);

#elif defined SYSTEM_WINDOWS

    // Preallocate MAX_PATH (e.g., 4095) characters and hope the executable path isn't longer (including null byte)
    char exePath[MAX_PATH];

    // Return written bytes, indicating if memory was sufficient
    unsigned int len = GetModuleFileNameA(GetModuleHandleA(0x0), exePath, MAX_PATH);
    if (len == 0) // memory not sufficient or general error occured
    {
        invalidateStringOutParameter(path, pathLength);
        return;
    }

    // Copy contents to caller, create caller ownership
    copyToStringOutParameter(exePath, len, path, pathLength);

#elif defined SYSTEM_SOLARIS

    // Preallocate PATH_MAX (e.g., 4096) characters and hope the executable path isn't longer (including null byte)
    char exePath[PATH_MAX];

    // Convert executable path to canonical path, return null pointer on error
    if (realpath(getexecname(), exePath) == 0x0)
    {
        invalidateStringOutParameter(path, pathLength);
        return;
    }

    // Copy contents to caller, create caller ownership
    unsigned int len = strlen(exePath);
    copyToStringOutParameter(exePath, len, path, pathLength);

#elif defined SYSTEM_DARWIN

    // Preallocate PATH_MAX (e.g., 4096) characters and hope the executable path isn't longer (including null byte)
    char exePath[PATH_MAX];

    unsigned int len = (unsigned int)PATH_MAX;

    // Obtain executable path to canonical path, return zero on success
    if (_NSGetExecutablePath(exePath, &len) == 0)
    {
        // Convert executable path to canonical path, return null pointer on error
        char * realPath = realpath(exePath, 0x0);

        if (realPath == 0x0)
        {
            invalidateStringOutParameter(path, pathLength);
            return;
        }

        // Copy contents to caller, create caller ownership
        unsigned int len = strlen(realPath);
        copyToStringOutParameter(realPath, len, path, pathLength);

        free(realPath);
    }
    else // len is initialized with the required number of bytes (including zero byte)
    {
        char * intermediatePath = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * len);

        // Convert executable path to canonical path, return null pointer on error
        if (_NSGetExecutablePath(intermediatePath, &len) != 0)
        {
            free(intermediatePath);
            invalidateStringOutParameter(path, pathLength);
            return;
        }

        char * realPath = realpath(intermediatePath, 0x0);

        free(intermediatePath);

        // Check if conversion to canonical path succeeded
        if (realPath == 0x0)
        {
            invalidateStringOutParameter(path, pathLength);
            return;
        }

        // Copy contents to caller, create caller ownership
        unsigned int len = strlen(realPath);
        copyToStringOutParameter(realPath, len, path, pathLength);

        free(realPath);
    }

#elif defined SYSTEM_FREEBSD

    // Preallocate characters and hope the executable path isn't longer (including null byte)
    char exePath[2048];

    unsigned int len = 2048;

    int mib[] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_PROC, KERN_PROC_PATHNAME, -1 };

    // Obtain executable path by syscall
    if (sysctl(mib, 4, exePath, &len, 0x0, 0) != 0)
    {
        invalidateStringOutParameter(path, pathLength);
        return;
    }

    // Copy contents to caller, create caller ownership
    copyToStringOutParameter(exePath, len, path, pathLength);

#else

    // If no OS could be detected ... degrade gracefully
    invalidateStringOutParameter(path, pathLength);

#endif
}

你可以在这里详细看看。

一些特定于操作系统的接口:

Mac OS X: _NSGetExecutablePath() (man 3 dyld) Linux: readlink /proc/self/exe Solaris: getexecname () sysctl CTL_KERN KERN_PROC KERN_PROC_PATHNAME -1 readlink /proc/curproc/file (FreeBSD默认没有procfs) NetBSD: readlink /proc/curproc/exe DragonFly BSD: readlink /proc/curproc/file Windows: GetModuleFileName() with hModule = NULL

也有第三方库可以用来获取这些信息，比如在prideout的回答中提到的whereami，或者如果你使用Qt，评论中提到的QCoreApplication::applicationFilePath()。

可移植的(但不太可靠)方法是使用argv[0]。尽管调用程序可以将它设置为任何东西，但按照惯例，它要么被设置为可执行文件的路径名，要么被设置为使用$ path找到的名称。

一些shell，包括bash和ksh，在执行可执行文件之前将环境变量“_”设置为可执行文件的完整路径。在这种情况下，您可以使用getenv("_")来获取它。然而，这是不可靠的，因为不是所有的shell都这样做，并且它可以被设置为任何东西，或者是在执行程序之前没有更改它的父进程遗留下来的。

要使其可靠地跨平台工作，需要使用#ifdef语句。

下面的代码可以在Windows、Linux、MacOS、Solaris或FreeBSD(尽管FreeBSD未经测试)中找到可执行文件的路径。它使用 Boost 1.55.0(或更高版本)来简化代码，但如果您愿意，可以很容易地删除它。只要根据操作系统和编译器的要求使用像_MSC_VER和__linux这样的定义即可。

#include <string>
#include <boost/predef/os.h>

#if (BOOST_OS_WINDOWS)
#  include <stdlib.h>
#elif (BOOST_OS_SOLARIS)
#  include <stdlib.h>
#  include <limits.h>
#elif (BOOST_OS_LINUX)
#  include <unistd.h>
#  include <limits.h>
#elif (BOOST_OS_MACOS)
#  include <mach-o/dyld.h>
#elif (BOOST_OS_BSD_FREE)
#  include <sys/types.h>
#  include <sys/sysctl.h>
#endif

/*
 * Returns the full path to the currently running executable,
 * or an empty string in case of failure.
 */
std::string getExecutablePath() {
    #if (BOOST_OS_WINDOWS)
        char *exePath;
        if (_get_pgmptr(&exePath) != 0)
            exePath = "";
    #elif (BOOST_OS_SOLARIS)
        char exePath[PATH_MAX];
        if (realpath(getexecname(), exePath) == NULL)
            exePath[0] = '\0';
    #elif (BOOST_OS_LINUX)
        char exePath[PATH_MAX];
        ssize_t len = ::readlink("/proc/self/exe", exePath, sizeof(exePath));
        if (len == -1 || len == sizeof(exePath))
            len = 0;
        exePath[len] = '\0';
    #elif (BOOST_OS_MACOS)
        char exePath[PATH_MAX];
        uint32_t len = sizeof(exePath);
        if (_NSGetExecutablePath(exePath, &len) != 0) {
            exePath[0] = '\0'; // buffer too small (!)
        } else {
            // resolve symlinks, ., .. if possible
            char *canonicalPath = realpath(exePath, NULL);
            if (canonicalPath != NULL) {
                strncpy(exePath,canonicalPath,len);
                free(canonicalPath);
            }
        }
    #elif (BOOST_OS_BSD_FREE)
        char exePath[2048];
        int mib[4];  mib[0] = CTL_KERN;  mib[1] = KERN_PROC;  mib[2] = KERN_PROC_PATHNAME;  mib[3] = -1;
        size_t len = sizeof(exePath);
        if (sysctl(mib, 4, exePath, &len, NULL, 0) != 0)
            exePath[0] = '\0';
    #endif
        return std::string(exePath);
}

上面的版本返回包括可执行文件名称在内的完整路径。如果相反，你想要没有可执行名称的路径，#include boost/ filessystem .hpp>，并将返回语句更改为:

return strlen(exePath)>0 ? boost::filesystem::path(exePath).remove_filename().make_preferred().string() : std::string();

当然，这并不适用于所有项目。 尽管如此，QCoreApplication::applicationFilePath()在6年的c++ /Qt开发中从未让我失望过。

当然，在尝试使用它之前，应该彻底阅读文档:

警告:在Linux上，此函数将尝试从 /proc文件系统。如果失败，则假定argv[0]包含 可执行文件的绝对文件名。这个函数也假设 应用程序没有更改当前目录。

老实说，我认为#ifdef和其他类似的解决方案根本不应该在现代代码中使用。

我相信更小的跨平台库也存在。让他们把所有特定于平台的东西封装在里面。

在Linux上使用/proc/self/exe或argv[0]的另一种选择是使用ELF解释器传递的信息，由glibc提供:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/auxv.h>

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    printf("%s\n", (char *)getauxval(AT_EXECFN));
    return(0);
}

请注意，getauxval是一个glibc扩展，为了健壮起见，您应该检查它是否返回NULL(表明ELF解释器没有提供AT_EXECFN参数)，但我认为这在Linux上实际上从来都不是问题。

除了mark4o的答案，FreeBSD也有

const char* getprogname(void)

它应该也可以在macOS中使用。它可以通过libbsd在GNU/Linux中获得。