我是c++ 11的新手。我正在写下面的递归lambda函数,但它不能编译。
sum.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <functional>
auto term = [](int a)->int {
return a*a;
};
auto next = [](int a)->int {
return ++a;
};
auto sum = [term,next,&sum](int a, int b)mutable ->int {
if(a>b)
return 0;
else
return term(a) + sum(next(a),b);
};
int main(){
std::cout<<sum(1,10)<<std::endl;
return 0;
}
编译错误:
vimal@linux-718q:~/Study/09C++/c++0x/lambda> g++ -std=c++0x sum.cpp
sum.cpp:在lambda函数中
sum.cpp:18:36:错误:' ((<lambda(int, int)>*)this)-><lambda(int, int)>::sum '不能用作函数
gcc版本
gcc版本4.5.0 20091231(实验性)(gcc)
但如果我改变sum()的声明如下所示,它可以工作:
std::function<int(int,int)> sum = [term,next,&sum](int a, int b)->int {
if(a>b)
return 0;
else
return term(a) + sum(next(a),b);
};
有人能解释一下吗?
c++ 14:
这是lambdas的递归匿名无状态/无捕获泛型集
输出从1,20开始的所有数字
([](auto f, auto n, auto m) {
f(f, n, m);
})(
[](auto f, auto n, auto m) -> void
{
cout << typeid(n).name() << el;
cout << n << el;
if (n<m)
f(f, ++n, m);
},
1, 20);
如果我没理解错,这是用y组合子解
这是(n, m)的和
auto sum = [](auto n, auto m) {
return ([](auto f, auto n, auto m) {
int res = f(f, n, m);
return res;
})(
[](auto f, auto n, auto m) -> int
{
if (n > m)
return 0;
else {
int sum = n + f(f, n + 1, m);
return sum;
}
},
n, m); };
auto result = sum(1, 10); //result == 55
这里是op的最终答案。无论如何,Visual Studio 2010不支持捕获全局变量。您不需要捕获它们,因为全局变量可以通过define全局访问。下面的答案使用局部变量代替。
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
template<typename T>
struct t2t
{
typedef T t;
};
template<typename R, typename V1, typename V2>
struct fixpoint
{
typedef std::function<R (V1, V2)> func_t;
typedef std::function<func_t (func_t)> tfunc_t;
typedef std::function<func_t (tfunc_t)> yfunc_t;
class loopfunc_t {
public:
func_t operator()(loopfunc_t v)const {
return func(v);
}
template<typename L>
loopfunc_t(const L &l):func(l){}
typedef V1 Parameter1_t;
typedef V2 Parameter2_t;
private:
std::function<func_t (loopfunc_t)> func;
};
static yfunc_t fix;
};
template<typename R, typename V1, typename V2>
typename fixpoint<R, V1, V2>::yfunc_t fixpoint<R, V1, V2>::fix = [](tfunc_t f) -> func_t {
return [f](fixpoint<R, V1, V2>::loopfunc_t x){ return f(x(x)); }
([f](fixpoint<R, V1, V2>::loopfunc_t x) -> fixpoint<R, V1, V2>::func_t{
auto &ff = f;
return [ff, x](t2t<decltype(x)>::t::Parameter1_t v1,
t2t<decltype(x)>::t::Parameter1_t v2){
return ff(x(x))(v1, v2);
};
});
};
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
auto term = [](int a)->int {
return a*a;
};
auto next = [](int a)->int {
return ++a;
};
auto sum = fixpoint<int, int, int>::fix(
[term,next](std::function<int (int, int)> sum1) -> std::function<int (int, int)>{
auto &term1 = term;
auto &next1 = next;
return [term1, next1, sum1](int a, int b)mutable ->int {
if(a>b)
return 0;
else
return term1(a) + sum1(next1(a),b);
};
});
std::cout<<sum(1,10)<<std::endl; //385
return 0;
}
这里证明了一个小主体的递归lambda几乎具有与普通递归函数相同的性能,可以直接调用自己。
#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <type_traits>
#include <functional>
#include <atomic>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
using namespace chrono;
unsigned recursiveFn( unsigned x )
{
if( x ) [[likely]]
return recursiveFn( x - 1 ) + recursiveFn( x - 1 );
else
return 0;
};
atomic_uint result;
int main()
{
auto perf = []( function<void ()> fn ) -> double
{
using dur_t = high_resolution_clock::duration;
using urep_t = make_unsigned_t<dur_t::rep>;
high_resolution_clock::duration durMin( (urep_t)-1 >> 1 );
for( unsigned r = 10; r--; )
{
auto start = high_resolution_clock::now();
fn();
dur_t dur = high_resolution_clock::now() - start;
if( dur < durMin )
durMin = dur;
}
return durMin.count() / 1.0e9;
};
auto recursiveLamdba = []( auto &self, unsigned x ) -> unsigned
{
if( x ) [[likely]]
return self( self, x - 1 ) + self( self, x - 1 );
else
return 0;
};
constexpr unsigned DEPTH = 28;
double
tLambda = perf( [&]() { ::result = recursiveLamdba( recursiveLamdba, DEPTH ); } ),
tFn = perf( [&]() { ::result = recursiveFn( DEPTH ); } );
cout << trunc( 1000.0 * (tLambda / tFn - 1.0) + 0.5 ) / 10.0 << "%" << endl;
}
对于我的AMD Zen1 CPU,目前的MSVC递归速度快10%左右。对于我的Phenom II x4 945和g++ 11.1。这两个函数有相同的性能。
请记住,这几乎是最糟糕的情况,因为函数体非常小。如果它更大,递归函数调用本身的部分就更小。
要使lambda递归而不使用外部类和函数(如std::function或定点组合子),可以在c++ 14中使用以下结构(现场示例):
#include <utility>
#include <list>
#include <memory>
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
struct tree
{
int payload;
std::list< tree > children = {}; // std::list of incomplete type is allowed
};
std::size_t indent = 0;
// indication of result type here is essential
const auto print = [&] (const auto & self, const tree & node) -> void
{
std::cout << std::string(indent, ' ') << node.payload << '\n';
++indent;
for (const tree & t : node.children) {
self(self, t);
}
--indent;
};
print(print, {1, {{2, {{8}}}, {3, {{5, {{7}}}, {6}}}, {4}}});
}
打印:
1
2
8
3
5
7
6
4
注意,lambda的结果类型应该显式指定。
你需要一个不动点组合器。看到这个。
或者看看下面的代码:
//As decltype(variable)::member_name is invalid currently,
//the following template is a workaround.
//Usage: t2t<decltype(variable)>::t::member_name
template<typename T>
struct t2t
{
typedef T t;
};
template<typename R, typename V>
struct fixpoint
{
typedef std::function<R (V)> func_t;
typedef std::function<func_t (func_t)> tfunc_t;
typedef std::function<func_t (tfunc_t)> yfunc_t;
class loopfunc_t {
public:
func_t operator()(loopfunc_t v)const {
return func(v);
}
template<typename L>
loopfunc_t(const L &l):func(l){}
typedef V Parameter_t;
private:
std::function<func_t (loopfunc_t)> func;
};
static yfunc_t fix;
};
template<typename R, typename V>
typename fixpoint<R, V>::yfunc_t fixpoint<R, V>::fix =
[](fixpoint<R, V>::tfunc_t f) -> fixpoint<R, V>::func_t {
fixpoint<R, V>::loopfunc_t l = [f](fixpoint<R, V>::loopfunc_t x) ->
fixpoint<R, V>::func_t{
//f cannot be captured since it is not a local variable
//of this scope. We need a new reference to it.
auto &ff = f;
//We need struct t2t because template parameter
//V is not accessable in this level.
return [ff, x](t2t<decltype(x)>::t::Parameter_t v){
return ff(x(x))(v);
};
};
return l(l);
};
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
int v = 0;
std::function<int (int)> fac =
fixpoint<int, int>::fix([](std::function<int (int)> f)
-> std::function<int (int)>{
return [f](int i) -> int{
if(i==0) return 1;
else return i * f(i-1);
};
});
int i = fac(10);
std::cout << i; //3628800
return 0;
}