我没有使用自定义STL分配器编写c++代码，但我可以想象一个用c++编写的web服务器，它使用自定义分配器自动删除响应HTTP请求所需的临时数据。自定义分配器可以在生成响应后立即释放所有临时数据。

自定义分配器(我已经使用过)的另一个可能的用例是编写一个单元测试来证明函数的行为不依赖于它的某些输入。自定义分配器可以用任何模式填充内存区域。

One example of I time I have used these was working with very resource constrained embedded systems. Lets say you have 2k of ram free and your program has to use some of that memory. You need to store say 4-5 sequences somewhere that's not on the stack and additionally you need to have very precise access over where these things get stored, this is a situation where you might want to write your own allocator. The default implementations can fragment the memory, this might be unacceptable if you don't have enough memory and cannot restart your program.

One project I was working on was using AVR-GCC on some low powered chips. We had to store 8 sequences of variable length but with a known maximum. The standard library implementation of the memory management is a thin wrapper around malloc/free which keeps track of where to place items with by prepending every allocated block of memory with a pointer to just past the end of that allocated piece of memory. When allocating a new piece of memory the standard allocator has to walk over each of the pieces of memory to find the next block that is available where the requested size of memory will fit. On a desktop platform this would be very fast for this few items but you have to keep in mind that some of these microcontrollers are very slow and primitive in comparison. Additionally the memory fragmentation issue was a massive problem that meant we really had no choice but to take a different approach.

So what we did was to implement our own memory pool. Each block of memory was big enough to fit the largest sequence we would need in it. This allocated fixed sized blocks of memory ahead of time and marked which blocks of memory were currently in use. We did this by keeping one 8 bit integer where each bit represented if a certain block was used. We traded off memory usage here for attempting to make the whole process faster, which in our case was justified as we were pushing this microcontroller chip close to it's maximum processing capacity.

在嵌入式系统上下文中，我还可以看到编写自己的自定义分配器的其他情况，例如，如果序列的内存不在主ram中，而在这些平台上可能经常出现这种情况。

自定义分配器是在释放内存之前安全地擦除内存的合理方法。

template <class T>
class allocator
{
public:
    using value_type    = T;

    allocator() noexcept {}
    template <class U> allocator(allocator<U> const&) noexcept {}

    value_type*  // Use pointer if pointer is not a value_type*
    allocate(std::size_t n)
    {
        return static_cast<value_type*>(::operator new (n*sizeof(value_type)));
    }

    void
    deallocate(value_type* p, std::size_t) noexcept  // Use pointer if pointer is not a value_type*
    {
        OPENSSL_cleanse(p, n);
        ::operator delete(p);
    }
};
template <class T, class U>
bool
operator==(allocator<T> const&, allocator<U> const&) noexcept
{
    return true;
}
template <class T, class U>
bool
operator!=(allocator<T> const& x, allocator<U> const& y) noexcept
{
    return !(x == y);
}

推荐使用Hinnant的allocator样板: https://howardhinnant.github.io/allocator_boilerplate.html)

使用自定义分配器来使用内存池而不是堆可能会很有用。这只是众多例子中的一个。

对于大多数情况，这肯定是一个不成熟的优化。但它在某些情况下(嵌入式设备、游戏等)非常有用。

我正在使用一个MySQL存储引擎，它的代码使用c++。我们使用一个自定义分配器来使用MySQL内存系统，而不是与MySQL竞争内存。它允许我们确保我们使用的内存是用户配置MySQL使用的内存，而不是“额外的”。

我没有使用自定义STL分配器编写c++代码，但我可以想象一个用c++编写的web服务器，它使用自定义分配器自动删除响应HTTP请求所需的临时数据。自定义分配器可以在生成响应后立即释放所有临时数据。

自定义分配器(我已经使用过)的另一个可能的用例是编写一个单元测试来证明函数的行为不依赖于它的某些输入。自定义分配器可以用任何模式填充内存区域。