You need to think what is the closure type of your Lambda function. Every time you declare a Lambda expression, the compiler creates a closure type, which is nothing less than an unnamed class declaration with attributes (environment where the Lambda expression where declared) and the function call ::operator() implemented. When you capture a variable using copy-by-value, the compiler will create a new const attribute in the closure type, so you can't change it inside the Lambda expression because it is a "read-only" attribute, that's the reason they call it a "closure", because in some way, you are closing your Lambda expression by copying the variables from upper scope into the Lambda scope. When you use the keyword mutable, the captured entity will became a non-const attribute of your closure type. This is what causes the changes done in the mutable variable captured by value, to not be propagated to upper scope, but keep inside the stateful Lambda. Always try to imagine the resulting closure type of your Lambda expression, that helped me a lot, and I hope it can help you too.

你必须理解捕获的意思!这是捕获而不是参数传递!让我们看一些代码示例:

int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    int x = 5;
    int y;
    auto lamb = [x]() {return x + 5; };

    y= lamb();
    cout << y<<","<< x << endl; //outputs 10,5
    x = 20;
    y = lamb();
    cout << y << "," << x << endl; //output 10,20

}

正如你所看到的，即使x被更改为20，仍然返回10 (x在lambda中仍然是5) 在lambda内部更改x意味着在每次调用中更改lambda本身(lambda在每次调用中都发生突变)。为了加强正确性，标准引入了mutable关键字。通过将lambda指定为mutable，就意味着对lambda的每次调用都可能导致lambda本身的更改。让我们看另一个例子:

int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    int x = 5;
    int y;
    auto lamb = [x]() mutable {return x++ + 5; };

    y= lamb();
    cout << y<<","<< x << endl; //outputs 10,5
    x = 20;
    y = lamb();
    cout << y << "," << x << endl; //outputs 11,20

}

上面的例子表明，通过使lambda可变，在lambda内部改变x会在每次调用时用一个新的x值“突变”lambda，而这个x值与主函数中x的实际值没有任何关系

You need to think what is the closure type of your Lambda function. Every time you declare a Lambda expression, the compiler creates a closure type, which is nothing less than an unnamed class declaration with attributes (environment where the Lambda expression where declared) and the function call ::operator() implemented. When you capture a variable using copy-by-value, the compiler will create a new const attribute in the closure type, so you can't change it inside the Lambda expression because it is a "read-only" attribute, that's the reason they call it a "closure", because in some way, you are closing your Lambda expression by copying the variables from upper scope into the Lambda scope. When you use the keyword mutable, the captured entity will became a non-const attribute of your closure type. This is what causes the changes done in the mutable variable captured by value, to not be propagated to upper scope, but keep inside the stateful Lambda. Always try to imagine the resulting closure type of your Lambda expression, that helped me a lot, and I hope it can help you too.

FWIW, c++标准化委员会的知名成员Herb Sutter在Lambda正确性和可用性问题中给出了不同的答案:

Consider this straw man example, where the programmer captures a local variable by value and tries to modify the captured value (which is a member variable of the lambda object): int val = 0; auto x = [=](item e) // look ma, [=] means explicit copy { use(e,++val); }; // error: count is const, need ‘mutable’ auto y = [val](item e) // darnit, I really can’t get more explicit { use(e,++val); }; // same error: count is const, need ‘mutable’ This feature appears to have been added out of a concern that the user might not realize he got a copy, and in particular that since lambdas are copyable he might be changing a different lambda’s copy.

他的论文是关于为什么在c++ 14中应该改变这一点。它很短，写得很好，如果你想知道关于这个特定的特性“委员们在想什么”，值得一读。

为了扩展Puppy的回答，lambda函数被设计为纯函数。这意味着给定唯一输入集的每次调用总是返回相同的输出。让我们将input定义为调用lambda时所有参数加上所有捕获变量的集合。

在纯函数中，输出完全依赖于输入，而不依赖于某些内部状态。因此，任何lambda函数，如果是纯的，不需要改变其状态，因此是不可变的。

When a lambda captures by reference, writing on captured variables is a strain on the concept of pure function, because all a pure function should do is return an output, though the lambda does not certainly mutate because the writing happens to external variables. Even in this case a correct usage implies that if the lambda is called with the same input again, the output will be the same everytime, despite these side effects on by-ref variables. Such side effects are just ways to return some additional input (e.g. update a counter) and could be reformulated into a pure function, for example returning a tuple instead of a single value.

你的代码几乎相当于:

#include <iostream>

class unnamed1
{
    int& n;
public:
    unnamed1(int& N) : n(N) {}

    /* OK. Your this is const but you don't modify the "n" reference,
    but the value pointed by it. You wouldn't be able to modify a reference
    anyway even if your operator() was mutable. When you assign a reference
    it will always point to the same var.
    */
    void operator()() const {n = 10;}
};

class unnamed2
{
    int n;
public:
    unnamed2(int N) : n(N) {}

    /* OK. Your this pointer is not const (since your operator() is "mutable" instead of const).
    So you can modify the "n" member. */
    void operator()() {n = 20;}
};

class unnamed3
{
    int n;
public:
    unnamed3(int N) : n(N) {}

    /* BAD. Your this is const so you can't modify the "n" member. */
    void operator()() const {n = 10;}
};

int main()
{
    int n;
    unnamed1 u1(n); u1();    // OK
    unnamed2 u2(n); u2();    // OK
    //unnamed3 u3(n); u3();  // Error
    std::cout << n << "\n";  // "10"
}

因此，您可以将lambdas视为生成一个带有operator()的类，该类默认为const，除非您说它是可变的。

您还可以将[]中捕获的所有变量(显式或隐式)视为该类的成员:[=]对象的副本或[&]对象的引用。它们在声明lambda时被初始化，就像有一个隐藏的构造函数一样。