You need to think what is the closure type of your Lambda function. Every time you declare a Lambda expression, the compiler creates a closure type, which is nothing less than an unnamed class declaration with attributes (environment where the Lambda expression where declared) and the function call ::operator() implemented. When you capture a variable using copy-by-value, the compiler will create a new const attribute in the closure type, so you can't change it inside the Lambda expression because it is a "read-only" attribute, that's the reason they call it a "closure", because in some way, you are closing your Lambda expression by copying the variables from upper scope into the Lambda scope. When you use the keyword mutable, the captured entity will became a non-const attribute of your closure type. This is what causes the changes done in the mutable variable captured by value, to not be propagated to upper scope, but keep inside the stateful Lambda. Always try to imagine the resulting closure type of your Lambda expression, that helped me a lot, and I hope it can help you too.

你的代码几乎相当于:

#include <iostream>

class unnamed1
{
    int& n;
public:
    unnamed1(int& N) : n(N) {}

    /* OK. Your this is const but you don't modify the "n" reference,
    but the value pointed by it. You wouldn't be able to modify a reference
    anyway even if your operator() was mutable. When you assign a reference
    it will always point to the same var.
    */
    void operator()() const {n = 10;}
};

class unnamed2
{
    int n;
public:
    unnamed2(int N) : n(N) {}

    /* OK. Your this pointer is not const (since your operator() is "mutable" instead of const).
    So you can modify the "n" member. */
    void operator()() {n = 20;}
};

class unnamed3
{
    int n;
public:
    unnamed3(int N) : n(N) {}

    /* BAD. Your this is const so you can't modify the "n" member. */
    void operator()() const {n = 10;}
};

int main()
{
    int n;
    unnamed1 u1(n); u1();    // OK
    unnamed2 u2(n); u2();    // OK
    //unnamed3 u3(n); u3();  // Error
    std::cout << n << "\n";  // "10"
}

因此，您可以将lambdas视为生成一个带有operator()的类，该类默认为const，除非您说它是可变的。

您还可以将[]中捕获的所有变量(显式或隐式)视为该类的成员:[=]对象的副本或[&]对象的引用。它们在声明lambda时被初始化，就像有一个隐藏的构造函数一样。

我的印象是 价值捕获的关键在于 允许用户更改临时 —否则，我几乎总是更好地使用引用捕获，而不是 我吗?

N不是暂时的。N是使用lambda表达式创建的lambda-function-对象的成员。默认的期望是，调用你的lambda不会修改它的状态，因此它是const，以防止你意外地修改n。

如果你检查lambda的3个不同用例，你可能会发现区别:

按值捕获参数 使用'mutable'关键字按值捕获参数 通过引用捕获参数

案例1: 当你通过值捕获一个参数时，会发生一些事情:

不允许修改lambda内部的参数 无论lambda是什么，参数的值都保持不变 调用时，不管调用时的参数值是什么。

例如:

{
    int x = 100;
    auto lambda1 = [x](){
      // x += 2;  // compile time error. not allowed
                  // to modify an argument that is captured by value
      return x * 2;
    };
    cout << lambda1() << endl;  // 100 * 2 = 200
    cout << "x: " << x << endl; // 100

    x = 300;
    cout << lambda1() << endl;   // in the lambda, x remain 100. 100 * 2 = 200
    cout << "x: " << x << endl;  // 300

}

Output: 
200
x: 100
200
x: 300

案例2: 在这里，当您通过值捕获参数并使用'mutable'关键字时，与第一种情况类似，您创建了该参数的“副本”。这个“副本”存在于lambda的“世界”中，但是现在，你实际上可以在lambda世界中修改参数，因此它的值会被改变，并保存，以便在将来调用这个lambda时引用。同样，参数的外部“生命”可能完全不同(就值而言):

{
    int x = 100;
    auto lambda2 = [x]() mutable {
      x += 2;  // when capture by value, modify the argument is
               // allowed when mutable is used.
      return x;
    };
    cout << lambda2() << endl;  // 100 + 2 = 102
    cout << "x: " << x << endl; // in the outside world - x remains 100
    x = 200;
    cout << lambda2() << endl;  // 104, as the 102 is saved in the lambda world.
    cout << "x: " << x << endl; // 200
}

Output:
102
x: 100
104
x: 200

案例3: 这是最简单的情况，因为x不再有两次生命。现在x只有一个值，它在外部世界和lambda世界之间共享。

{
    int x = 100;
    auto lambda3 = [&x]() mutable {
        x += 10;  // modify the argument, is allowed when mutable is used.
        return x;
    };
    cout << lambda3() << endl;  // 110
    cout << "x: " << x << endl; // 110
    x = 400;
    cout << lambda3() << endl;  // 410.
    cout << "x: " << x << endl; // 410
}

Output: 
110
x: 110
410
x: 410

现在有一个建议可以减轻lambda声明中对mutable的需求:n3424

它需要mutable，因为默认情况下，函数对象每次调用都应该产生相同的结果。这就是面向对象的函数和使用全局变量的函数之间的区别。