短的例子:
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int n;
[&](){n = 10;}(); // OK
[=]() mutable {n = 20;}(); // OK
// [=](){n = 10;}(); // Error: a by-value capture cannot be modified in a non-mutable lambda
std::cout << n << "\n"; // "10"
}
问题是:为什么我们需要mutable关键字?它与传统的参数传递到命名函数有很大不同。背后的原理是什么?
在我的印象中，按值捕获的全部意义在于允许用户更改临时对象——否则我几乎总是使用按引用捕获更好，不是吗?
有什么启示吗?
(顺便说一下，我用的是MSVC2010。这应该是标准的)
当前回答
它需要mutable，因为默认情况下，函数对象每次调用都应该产生相同的结果。这就是面向对象的函数和使用全局变量的函数之间的区别。
其他回答
You need to think what is the closure type of your Lambda function. Every time you declare a Lambda expression, the compiler creates a closure type, which is nothing less than an unnamed class declaration with attributes (environment where the Lambda expression where declared) and the function call ::operator() implemented. When you capture a variable using copy-by-value, the compiler will create a new const attribute in the closure type, so you can't change it inside the Lambda expression because it is a "read-only" attribute, that's the reason they call it a "closure", because in some way, you are closing your Lambda expression by copying the variables from upper scope into the Lambda scope. When you use the keyword mutable, the captured entity will became a non-const attribute of your closure type. This is what causes the changes done in the mutable variable captured by value, to not be propagated to upper scope, but keep inside the stateful Lambda. Always try to imagine the resulting closure type of your Lambda expression, that helped me a lot, and I hope it can help you too.
现在有一个建议可以减轻lambda声明中对mutable的需求:n3424
在我的印象中，按值捕获的全部意义在于允许用户更改临时对象——否则我几乎总是使用按引用捕获更好，不是吗?
问题是，它是“几乎”吗?一个常见的用例似乎是返回或传递lambdas:
void registerCallback(std::function<void()> f) { /* ... */ }
void doSomething() {
std::string name = receiveName();
registerCallback([name]{ /* do something with name */ });
}
我认为mutable不是almost的例子。我认为“按值捕获”就像“允许我在捕获的实体死亡后使用它的值”，而不是“允许我更改它的副本”。但这或许是有争议的。
为了扩展Puppy的回答，lambda函数被设计为纯函数。这意味着给定唯一输入集的每次调用总是返回相同的输出。让我们将input定义为调用lambda时所有参数加上所有捕获变量的集合。
在纯函数中，输出完全依赖于输入，而不依赖于某些内部状态。因此，任何lambda函数，如果是纯的，不需要改变其状态，因此是不可变的。
When a lambda captures by reference, writing on captured variables is a strain on the concept of pure function, because all a pure function should do is return an output, though the lambda does not certainly mutate because the writing happens to external variables. Even in this case a correct usage implies that if the lambda is called with the same input again, the output will be the same everytime, despite these side effects on by-ref variables. Such side effects are just ways to return some additional input (e.g. update a counter) and could be reformulated into a pure function, for example returning a tuple instead of a single value.
我的印象是 价值捕获的关键在于 允许用户更改临时 —否则，我几乎总是更好地使用引用捕获，而不是 我吗?
N不是暂时的。N是使用lambda表达式创建的lambda-function-对象的成员。默认的期望是，调用你的lambda不会修改它的状态，因此它是const，以防止你意外地修改n。
