结构是不同数据类型的集合，其中可以驻留不同类型的数据 每一个都有自己的内存块。

当我们确定一次只使用其中一个变量，并且希望充分利用当前内存时，我们通常使用联合，因为它只获得一个等于最大类型的内存块。

struct emp
{
    char x; //1 byte
    float y; //4 byte
} e;

它获得的总内存:=>5字节。

union emp
{
    char x; //1 byte
    float y; //4 byte
} e;

它获得的总内存:4字节。

Union不同于struct，因为Union在其他的上面重复:它重新定义同一个内存，而struct一个接一个地定义，没有重叠或重定义。

联合的用法 当需要特殊类型的对话时，联合经常被使用。 来了解联合的用处。c/c标准库没有定义专门为将短整数写入文件而设计的函数。使用fwrite()会导致简单操作的开销过大。然而，使用联合可以很容易地创建一个函数，该函数将一个短整数的二进制每次一个字节写入文件。我假设短整数是2字节长

示例:

#include<stdio.h>
union pw {
short int i;
char ch[2];
};
int putw(short int num, FILE *fp);
int main (void)
{
FILE *fp;
fp fopen("test.tmp", "wb ");
putw(1000, fp); /* write the value 1000 as an integer*/
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
int putw(short int num, FILE *fp)
{
pw word;
word.i = num;
putc(word.c[0] , fp);
return putc(word.c[1] , fp);
}    

虽然我用短整数调用putw()，但可以使用putc()和fwrite()。但是我想展示一个例子来说明如何使用联合

As you already state in your question, the main difference between union and struct is that union members overlay the memory of each other so that the sizeof of a union is the one , while struct members are laid out one after each other (with optional padding in between). Also an union is large enough to contain all its members, and have an alignment that fits all its members. So let's say int can only be stored at 2 byte addresses and is 2 bytes wide, and long can only be stored at 4 byte addresses and is 4 bytes long. The following union

union test {
    int a;
    long b;
}; 

could have a sizeof of 4, and an alignment requirement of 4. Both an union and a struct can have padding at the end, but not at their beginning. Writing to a struct changes only the value of the member written to. Writing to a member of an union will render the value of all other members invalid. You cannot access them if you haven't written to them before, otherwise the behavior is undefined. GCC provides as an extension that you can actually read from members of an union, even though you haven't written to them most recently. For an Operation System, it doesn't have to matter whether a user program writes to an union or to a structure. This actually is only an issue of the compiler.

union和struct的另一个重要属性是，它们允许指向它们的指针可以指向其任何成员的类型。因此，以下是有效的:

struct test {
    int a;
    double b;
} * some_test_pointer;

Some_test_pointer可以指向int*或double*。如果将一个test类型的地址转换为int*，它将指向它的第一个成员，实际上是a。工会也是如此。因此，因为联合将始终具有正确的对齐方式，您可以使用联合来使指向某些类型的指针有效:

union a {
    int a;
    double b;
};

这个联合实际上可以指向int型和double型:

union a * v = (union a*)some_int_pointer;
*some_int_pointer = 5;
v->a = 10;
return *some_int_pointer;    

实际上是有效的，正如C99标准所述:

对象的存储值只能由具有以下类型之一的左值表达式访问: 与对象的有效类型兼容的类型 .．. 在其成员中包含上述类型之一的聚合或联合类型

编译器不会优化出v->a = 10;因为它可能会影响*some_int_pointer的值(该函数将返回10而不是5)。

结构和联合的区别是什么?

简单的回答是:区别在于内存分配。 解释: 在结构中，将为结构内部的所有成员创建内存空间。 在联合内存空间将只为需要最大内存空间的成员创建。 考虑下面的代码:

struct s_tag
{
   int a; 
   long int b;
} x;

union u_tag
{
   int a; 
   long int b;
} y;

这里在struct和union内部有两个成员:int和long int。在32位操作系统中，int的内存空间为:4字节，long int的内存空间为:8。

因此，对于struct, 4+8=12个字节将被创建，而对于union，将创建8个字节

代码示例:

#include<stdio.h>
struct s_tag
{
  int a;
  long int b;
} x;
union u_tag
{
     int a;
     long int b;
} y;
int main()
{
    printf("Memory allocation for structure = %d", sizeof(x));
    printf("\nMemory allocation for union = %d", sizeof(y));
    return 0;
}

裁判:http://www.codingpractise.com/home/c-programming/structure-and-union/

结构分配其中所有元素的总大小。

一个联合只分配它最大的成员所需要的内存。