为一个接口编程就是在说:“我需要这个功能，我不在乎它来自哪里。”

Consider (in Java), the List interface versus the ArrayList and LinkedList concrete classes. If all I care about is that I have a data structure containing multiple data items that I should access via iteration, I'd pick a List (and that's 99% of the time). If I know that I need constant-time insert/delete from either end of the list, I might pick the LinkedList concrete implementation (or more likely, use the Queue interface). If I know I need random access by index, I'd pick the ArrayList concrete class.

Using interfaces is a key factor in making your code easily testable in addition to removing unnecessary couplings between your classes. By creating an interface that defines the operations on your class, you allow classes that want to use that functionality the ability to use it without depending on your implementing class directly. If later on you decide to change and use a different implementation, you need only change the part of the code where the implementation is instantiated. The rest of the code need not change because it depends on the interface, not the implementing class.

This is very useful in creating unit tests. In the class under test you have it depend on the interface and inject an instance of the interface into the class (or a factory that allows it to build instances of the interface as needed) via the constructor or a property settor. The class uses the provided (or created) interface in its methods. When you go to write your tests, you can mock or fake the interface and provide an interface that responds with data configured in your unit test. You can do this because your class under test deals only with the interface, not your concrete implementation. Any class implementing the interface, including your mock or fake class, will do.

编辑:下面是一篇文章的链接，其中Erich Gamma讨论了他的引用，“面向接口编程，而不是面向实现编程。”

http://www.artima.com/lejava/articles/designprinciples.html

我曾经给学生的一个具体例子是他们应该写作

List myList = new ArrayList(); // programming to the List interface

而不是

ArrayList myList = new ArrayList(); // this is bad

在一个短程序中，它们看起来完全相同，但如果在程序中继续使用myList 100次，就会开始看到区别。第一个声明确保只调用myList上由List接口定义的方法(因此没有ArrayList特定的方法)。如果您以这种方式对接口进行了编程，那么稍后您就可以确定您确实需要

List myList = new TreeList();

你只需要在这一点上修改代码。您已经知道，其余的代码不会因为更改实现而被破坏，因为您对接口进行了编程。

当您谈论方法参数和返回值时，好处甚至更明显(我认为)。举个例子:

public ArrayList doSomething(HashMap map);

该方法声明将您绑定到两个具体实现(ArrayList和HashMap)。一旦从其他代码调用该方法，对这些类型的任何更改都可能意味着您将不得不更改调用代码。最好是根据接口进行编程。

public List doSomething(Map map);

现在，不管您返回什么样的List，或者作为参数传入什么样的Map。在doSomething方法中所做的更改不会强制您更改调用代码。

听起来好像你知道接口是如何工作的，但不确定何时使用它们以及它们提供了什么优势。下面是几个例子，说明界面是有意义的:

// if I want to add search capabilities to my application and support multiple search
// engines such as Google, Yahoo, Live, etc.

interface ISearchProvider
{
    string Search(string keywords);
}

然后我可以创建GoogleSearchProvider, YahooSearchProvider, LiveSearchProvider等。

// if I want to support multiple downloads using different protocols
// HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, etc.
interface IUrlDownload
{
    void Download(string url)
}

// how about an image loader for different kinds of images JPG, GIF, PNG, etc.
interface IImageLoader
{
    Bitmap LoadImage(string filename)
}

然后创建JpegImageLoader, GifImageLoader, PngImageLoader等。

大多数外接程序和插件系统都离不开接口。

另一种流行的用法是Repository模式。假设我想从不同的来源加载一个邮政编码列表

interface IZipCodeRepository
{
    IList<ZipCode> GetZipCodes(string state);
}

然后我可以创建一个XMLZipCodeRepository, SQLZipCodeRepository, CSVZipCodeRepository等。对于我的web应用程序，我经常在早期创建XML存储库，这样我就可以在SQL数据库准备好之前启动并运行一些东西。一旦数据库准备好了，我就编写一个SQLRepository来替换XML版本。我的其余代码保持不变，因为它完全基于接口运行。

方法可以接受如下接口:

PrintZipCodes(IZipCodeRepository zipCodeRepository, string state)
{
    foreach (ZipCode zipCode in zipCodeRepository.GetZipCodes(state))
    {
        Console.WriteLine(zipCode.ToString());
    }
}

If you program in Java, JDBC is a good example. JDBC defines a set of interfaces but says nothing about the implementation. Your applications can be written against this set of interfaces. In theory, you pick some JDBC driver and your application would just work. If you discover there's a faster or "better" or cheaper JDBC driver or for whatever reason, you can again in theory re-configure your property file, and without having to make any change in your application, your application would still work.

假设你有一个名为“Zebra”的产品，可以通过插件进行扩展。它通过在某个目录中搜索dll来查找插件。它加载所有这些dll，并使用反射来查找实现IZebraPlugin的任何类，然后调用该接口的方法来与插件通信。

这使得它完全独立于任何特定的插件类——它不关心类是什么。它只关心它们是否满足接口规范。

接口是这样定义可扩展性点的一种方式。与接口对话的代码是松散耦合的——事实上，它与任何其他特定的代码根本不耦合。它可以与多年后由从未见过原始开发人员的人编写的插件进行互操作。

你可以使用一个带有虚函数的基类——所有的插件都是从基类派生的。但这有很大的限制，因为一个类只能有一个基类，而它可以实现任意数量的接口。