为DialogFragment使用自定义布局，并在内容下添加LinearLayout，该布局可以设置为无边框，以匹配Google Material Design。然后找到新创建的按钮并覆盖其OnClickListener。

例子：

public class AddTopicFragment extends DialogFragment {

    @Override
    public Dialog onCreateDialog(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        final AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(getActivity());
        // Get the layout inflater
        LayoutInflater inflater = getActivity().getLayoutInflater();
        final View dialogView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.dialog_add_topic, null);

        Button saveTopicDialogButton = (Button) dialogView.findViewById(R.id.saveTopicDialogButton);
        Button cancelSaveTopicDialogButton = (Button) dialogView.findViewById(R.id.cancelSaveTopicDialogButton);

        final AppCompatEditText addTopicNameET = (AppCompatEditText) dialogView.findViewById(R.id.addTopicNameET);
        final AppCompatEditText addTopicCreatedByET = (AppCompatEditText) dialogView.findViewById(R.id.addTopicCreatedByET);

        saveTopicDialogButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                // validate inputs
                if(addTopicNameET.getText().toString().trim().isEmpty()){
                    addTopicNameET.setError("Topic name can't be empty");
                    addTopicNameET.requestFocus();
                }else if(addTopicCreatedByET.getText().toString().trim().isEmpty()){
                    addTopicCreatedByET.setError("Topic created by can't be empty");
                    addTopicCreatedByET.requestFocus();
                }else {
                    // save topic to database
                    Topic topic = new Topic();
                    topic.name = addTopicNameET.getText().toString().trim();
                    topic.createdBy = addTopicCreatedByET.getText().toString().trim();
                    topic.createdDate = new Date().getTime();
                    topic.save();
                    AddTopicFragment.this.dismiss();
                }
            }
        });

        cancelSaveTopicDialogButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                AddTopicFragment.this.dismiss();
            }
        });

        // Inflate and set the layout for the dialog
        // Pass null as the parent view because its going in the dialog layout
        builder.setView(dialogView)
               .setMessage(getString(R.string.add_topic_message));

        return builder.create();
    }

}

dialog_add_topic.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    android:padding="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">

    <android.support.design.widget.TextInputLayout
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        app:errorEnabled="true">

        <android.support.v7.widget.AppCompatEditText
            android:id="@+id/addTopicNameET"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:hint="Topic Name"
            android:inputType="textPersonName"
            android:maxLines="1" />

    </android.support.design.widget.TextInputLayout>

    <android.support.design.widget.TextInputLayout
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        app:errorEnabled="true">

        <android.support.v7.widget.AppCompatEditText
            android:id="@+id/addTopicCreatedByET"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:hint="Created By"
            android:inputType="textPersonName"
            android:maxLines="1" />

    </android.support.design.widget.TextInputLayout>

    <LinearLayout
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:orientation="horizontal">
        <Button
            android:text="@string/cancel"
            android:layout_weight="1"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:id="@+id/cancelSaveTopicDialogButton"
            style="@style/Widget.AppCompat.Button.ButtonBar.AlertDialog" />

        <Button
            android:text="@string/save"
            android:layout_weight="1"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:id="@+id/saveTopicDialogButton"
            style="@style/Widget.AppCompat.Button.ButtonBar.AlertDialog" />

    </LinearLayout>


</LinearLayout>

这是最终结果。

使用此代码，您可以防止单击肯定按钮时对话框关闭。此外，您还可以使用否定按钮实现相同的功能。

    final AlertDialog alertDialog = alertDialogBuilder
            .setCancelable(false)
            .setTitle("TITLE");
            .setPositiveButton("OK", null)
            .setNegativeButton("CANCEL",
                    (dialog, id) -> {
                        dialog.cancel();
                    })
            .show();
    Button positiveButton = alertDialog.getButton(AlertDialog.BUTTON_POSITIVE);
    positiveButton.setOnClickListener(v -> {
         // check whatever you want
         if(checkMyCondition())
             dialog.cancel();
    })

这可能是一个很晚的回复，但使用setCancelable就可以了。

alertDial.setCancelable(false);

编辑：这只适用于一些评论中提到的API 8+。

这是一个迟到的回答，但您可以在AlertDialog中添加一个onShowListener，然后可以覆盖按钮的onClickListener。

final AlertDialog dialog = new AlertDialog.Builder(context)
        .setView(v)
        .setTitle(R.string.my_title)
        .setPositiveButton(android.R.string.ok, null) //Set to null. We override the onclick
        .setNegativeButton(android.R.string.cancel, null)
        .create();

dialog.setOnShowListener(new DialogInterface.OnShowListener() {

    @Override
    public void onShow(DialogInterface dialogInterface) {

        Button button = ((AlertDialog) dialog).getButton(AlertDialog.BUTTON_POSITIVE);
        button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {

            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                // TODO Do something

                //Dismiss once everything is OK.
                dialog.dismiss();
            }
        });
    }
});
dialog.show();

以下是针对所有类型对话框的一些解决方案，包括AlertDialog.Builder的解决方案，该解决方案可以在所有API级别上工作（低于API 8，而这里的另一个答案则不适用）。有使用AlertDialog.Builder、DialogFragment和DialogPreference的AlertDialog解决方案。

下面的代码示例显示了如何覆盖默认的公共按钮处理程序，并防止这些不同形式的对话框关闭对话框。所有示例都显示了如何防止肯定按钮关闭对话框。

注意：对于那些需要更多详细信息的人来说，下面的示例描述了基本android类的对话框关闭是如何在后台工作的，以及为什么选择以下方法

AlertDialog.Builder-显示后立即更改默认按钮处理程序（）

AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(getActivity());
builder.setMessage("Test for preventing dialog close");
builder.setPositiveButton("Test", 
        new DialogInterface.OnClickListener()
        {
            @Override
            public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which)
            {
                //Do nothing here because we override this button later to change the close behaviour. 
                //However, we still need this because on older versions of Android unless we 
                //pass a handler the button doesn't get instantiated
            }
        });
final AlertDialog dialog = builder.create();
dialog.show();
//Overriding the handler immediately after show is probably a better approach than OnShowListener as described below
dialog.getButton(AlertDialog.BUTTON_POSITIVE).setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
      {            
          @Override
          public void onClick(View v)
          {
              Boolean wantToCloseDialog = false;
              //Do stuff, possibly set wantToCloseDialog to true then...
              if(wantToCloseDialog)
                  dialog.dismiss();
              //else dialog stays open. Make sure you have an obvious way to close the dialog especially if you set cancellable to false.
          }
      });
      

DialogFragment-重写onResume（）

@Override
public Dialog onCreateDialog(Bundle savedInstanceState)
{
    AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(getActivity());
    builder.setMessage("Test for preventing dialog close");
    builder.setPositiveButton("Test", 
        new DialogInterface.OnClickListener()
        {
            @Override
            public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which)
            {
                //Do nothing here because we override this button later to change the close behaviour. 
                //However, we still need this because on older versions of Android unless we 
                //pass a handler the button doesn't get instantiated
            }
        });
    return builder.create();
}

//onStart() is where dialog.show() is actually called on 
//the underlying dialog, so we have to do it there or 
//later in the lifecycle.
//Doing it in onResume() makes sure that even if there is a config change 
//environment that skips onStart then the dialog will still be functioning
//properly after a rotation.
@Override
public void onResume()
{
    super.onResume();    
    final AlertDialog d = (AlertDialog)getDialog();
    if(d != null)
    {
        Button positiveButton = (Button) d.getButton(Dialog.BUTTON_POSITIVE);
        positiveButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
                {
                    @Override
                    public void onClick(View v)
                    {
                        Boolean wantToCloseDialog = false;
                        //Do stuff, possibly set wantToCloseDialog to true then...
                        if(wantToCloseDialog)
                            d.dismiss();
                        //else dialog stays open. Make sure you have an obvious way to close the dialog especially if you set cancellable to false.
                    }
                });
    }
}

DialogPreference-覆盖showDialog（）

@Override
protected void onPrepareDialogBuilder(Builder builder)
{
    super.onPrepareDialogBuilder(builder);
    builder.setPositiveButton("Test", this);   //Set the button here so it gets created
}

@Override
protected void showDialog(Bundle state)
{       
    super.showDialog(state);    //Call show on default first so we can override the handlers

    final AlertDialog d = (AlertDialog) getDialog();
    d.getButton(AlertDialog.BUTTON_POSITIVE).setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
            {            
                @Override
                public void onClick(View v)
                {
                    Boolean wantToCloseDialog = false;
                    //Do stuff, possibly set wantToCloseDialog to true then...
                    if(wantToCloseDialog)
                        d.dismiss();
                    //else dialog stays open. Make sure you have an obvious way to close the dialog especially if you set cancellable to false.
                }
            });
}

方法说明：

通过查看Android源代码，AlertDialog默认实现通过向OnCreate（）中的所有实际按钮注册公共按钮处理程序来工作。单击按钮时，通用按钮处理程序会将单击事件转发给您在setButton（）中传递的任何处理程序，然后调用该处理程序会关闭对话框。如果希望在按下其中一个按钮时阻止对话框关闭，则必须替换按钮实际视图的通用按钮处理程序。因为它是在OnCreate（）中分配的，所以必须在调用默认的OnCreate（（）实现后替换它。在show（）方法的过程中调用OnCreate。您可以创建一个自定义对话框类，并重写OnCreate（）以调用super.OnCreate（），然后重写按钮处理程序，但是如果您创建了自定义对话框，则无法免费获得Builder，在这种情况下，有什么意义？因此，按照对话框的设计方式使用对话框，但同时控制何时关闭对话框，一种方法是首先调用dialog.Show（），然后使用dialog.getButton（）获取对按钮的引用，以覆盖单击处理程序。另一种方法是使用setOnShowListener（）并实现查找按钮视图并替换OnShowListen中的处理程序。两者之间的功能差异“几乎”为零，这取决于最初创建对话框实例的线程。通过查看源代码，onShowListener被发送到创建该对话框的线程上运行的处理程序的消息调用。所以，由于OnShowListener是由发布在消息队列上的消息调用的，所以从技术上讲，调用侦听器可能会在显示完成后延迟一段时间。因此，我认为最安全的方法是首先调用show.Dialog（），然后立即在同一执行路径中替换按钮处理程序。由于调用show（）的代码将在主GUI线程上运行，这意味着在该线程上执行任何其他代码之前，都将先执行您跟随show（）执行的代码，而OnShowListener方法的计时取决于消息队列。

科特林

val dialogView = LayoutInflater.from(requireContext()).inflate(R.layout.dialog_userinput, null)
        val dialogBuilder = MaterialAlertDialogBuilder(requireContext(), R.style.AlertDialogTheme)
   
        dialogBuilder.setView(dialogView)
        dialogBuilder.setCancelable(false)
        dialogBuilder.setPositiveButton("send",null)
        dialogBuilder.setNegativeButton("cancel") { dialog,_ ->
        dialog.dismiss()
        }


        val alertDialog = dialogBuilder.create()
        alertDialog.show()

        val positiveButton = alertDialog.getButton(AlertDialog.BUTTON_POSITIVE)
        positiveButton.setOnClickListener {
            val myInputText = dialogView.etxt_userinput.text.toString().trim()
            if(myInputText.isNotEmpty()){
             //Do something
            }else{
                //Prompt error
                dialogView.etxt_userinput.error = "Please fill this"
            }
        }

我们只需使用dialogBuilder创建一个AlertDialog，然后根据需要设置肯定按钮