如何在numpy数组中找到最近的值?例子:
np.find_nearest(array, value)
如何在numpy数组中找到最近的值?例子:
np.find_nearest(array, value)
当前回答
这是unutbu答案的矢量化版本:
def find_nearest(array, values):
array = np.asarray(array)
# the last dim must be 1 to broadcast in (array - values) below.
values = np.expand_dims(values, axis=-1)
indices = np.abs(array - values).argmin(axis=-1)
return array[indices]
image = plt.imread('example_3_band_image.jpg')
print(image.shape) # should be (nrows, ncols, 3)
quantiles = np.linspace(0, 255, num=2 ** 2, dtype=np.uint8)
quantiled_image = find_nearest(quantiles, image)
print(quantiled_image.shape) # should be (nrows, ncols, 3)
其他回答
答案总结:如果有一个排序的数组,那么平分代码(如下所示)执行最快。大型数组快100-1000倍,小型数组快2-100倍。它也不需要numpy。 如果你有一个未排序的数组,那么如果数组很大,应该首先考虑使用O(n logn)排序,然后平分,如果数组很小,那么方法2似乎是最快的。
First you should clarify what you mean by nearest value. Often one wants the interval in an abscissa, e.g. array=[0,0.7,2.1], value=1.95, answer would be idx=1. This is the case that I suspect you need (otherwise the following can be modified very easily with a followup conditional statement once you find the interval). I will note that the optimal way to perform this is with bisection (which I will provide first - note it does not require numpy at all and is faster than using numpy functions because they perform redundant operations). Then I will provide a timing comparison against the others presented here by other users.
二等分的一半:
def bisection(array,value):
'''Given an ``array`` , and given a ``value`` , returns an index j such that ``value`` is between array[j]
and array[j+1]. ``array`` must be monotonic increasing. j=-1 or j=len(array) is returned
to indicate that ``value`` is out of range below and above respectively.'''
n = len(array)
if (value < array[0]):
return -1
elif (value > array[n-1]):
return n
jl = 0# Initialize lower
ju = n-1# and upper limits.
while (ju-jl > 1):# If we are not yet done,
jm=(ju+jl) >> 1# compute a midpoint with a bitshift
if (value >= array[jm]):
jl=jm# and replace either the lower limit
else:
ju=jm# or the upper limit, as appropriate.
# Repeat until the test condition is satisfied.
if (value == array[0]):# edge cases at bottom
return 0
elif (value == array[n-1]):# and top
return n-1
else:
return jl
现在我将从其他答案定义代码,它们都返回一个索引:
import math
import numpy as np
def find_nearest1(array,value):
idx,val = min(enumerate(array), key=lambda x: abs(x[1]-value))
return idx
def find_nearest2(array, values):
indices = np.abs(np.subtract.outer(array, values)).argmin(0)
return indices
def find_nearest3(array, values):
values = np.atleast_1d(values)
indices = np.abs(np.int64(np.subtract.outer(array, values))).argmin(0)
out = array[indices]
return indices
def find_nearest4(array,value):
idx = (np.abs(array-value)).argmin()
return idx
def find_nearest5(array, value):
idx_sorted = np.argsort(array)
sorted_array = np.array(array[idx_sorted])
idx = np.searchsorted(sorted_array, value, side="left")
if idx >= len(array):
idx_nearest = idx_sorted[len(array)-1]
elif idx == 0:
idx_nearest = idx_sorted[0]
else:
if abs(value - sorted_array[idx-1]) < abs(value - sorted_array[idx]):
idx_nearest = idx_sorted[idx-1]
else:
idx_nearest = idx_sorted[idx]
return idx_nearest
def find_nearest6(array,value):
xi = np.argmin(np.abs(np.ceil(array[None].T - value)),axis=0)
return xi
现在我来计时代码: 注意方法1、2、4、5没有正确给出间隔。方法1、2、4四舍五入到数组中最近的点(例如>=1.5 -> 2),方法5总是四舍五入(例如1.45 -> 2)。只有方法3和6,当然还有对半给出了正确的间隔。
array = np.arange(100000)
val = array[50000]+0.55
print( bisection(array,val))
%timeit bisection(array,val)
print( find_nearest1(array,val))
%timeit find_nearest1(array,val)
print( find_nearest2(array,val))
%timeit find_nearest2(array,val)
print( find_nearest3(array,val))
%timeit find_nearest3(array,val)
print( find_nearest4(array,val))
%timeit find_nearest4(array,val)
print( find_nearest5(array,val))
%timeit find_nearest5(array,val)
print( find_nearest6(array,val))
%timeit find_nearest6(array,val)
(50000, 50000)
100000 loops, best of 3: 4.4 µs per loop
50001
1 loop, best of 3: 180 ms per loop
50001
1000 loops, best of 3: 267 µs per loop
[50000]
1000 loops, best of 3: 390 µs per loop
50001
1000 loops, best of 3: 259 µs per loop
50001
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.21 ms per loop
[50000]
1000 loops, best of 3: 746 µs per loop
对于一个大数组的对半分割是4us,而次之的是180us,最长的是1.21ms(快100 - 1000倍)。对于较小的数组,它要快2-100倍。
这是在向量数组中找到最近向量的扩展。
import numpy as np
def find_nearest_vector(array, value):
idx = np.array([np.linalg.norm(x+y) for (x,y) in array-value]).argmin()
return array[idx]
A = np.random.random((10,2))*100
""" A = array([[ 34.19762933, 43.14534123],
[ 48.79558706, 47.79243283],
[ 38.42774411, 84.87155478],
[ 63.64371943, 50.7722317 ],
[ 73.56362857, 27.87895698],
[ 96.67790593, 77.76150486],
[ 68.86202147, 21.38735169],
[ 5.21796467, 59.17051276],
[ 82.92389467, 99.90387851],
[ 6.76626539, 30.50661753]])"""
pt = [6, 30]
print find_nearest_vector(A,pt)
# array([ 6.76626539, 30.50661753])
下面是一个处理非标量“values”数组的版本:
import numpy as np
def find_nearest(array, values):
indices = np.abs(np.subtract.outer(array, values)).argmin(0)
return array[indices]
如果输入是标量,则返回数字类型(例如int, float)的版本:
def find_nearest(array, values):
values = np.atleast_1d(values)
indices = np.abs(np.subtract.outer(array, values)).argmin(0)
out = array[indices]
return out if len(out) > 1 else out[0]
下面是@Ari Onasafari的scipy版本,回答“在向量数组中找到最近的向量”
In [1]: from scipy import spatial
In [2]: import numpy as np
In [3]: A = np.random.random((10,2))*100
In [4]: A
Out[4]:
array([[ 68.83402637, 38.07632221],
[ 76.84704074, 24.9395109 ],
[ 16.26715795, 98.52763827],
[ 70.99411985, 67.31740151],
[ 71.72452181, 24.13516764],
[ 17.22707611, 20.65425362],
[ 43.85122458, 21.50624882],
[ 76.71987125, 44.95031274],
[ 63.77341073, 78.87417774],
[ 8.45828909, 30.18426696]])
In [5]: pt = [6, 30] # <-- the point to find
In [6]: A[spatial.KDTree(A).query(pt)[1]] # <-- the nearest point
Out[6]: array([ 8.45828909, 30.18426696])
#how it works!
In [7]: distance,index = spatial.KDTree(A).query(pt)
In [8]: distance # <-- The distances to the nearest neighbors
Out[8]: 2.4651855048258393
In [9]: index # <-- The locations of the neighbors
Out[9]: 9
#then
In [10]: A[index]
Out[10]: array([ 8.45828909, 30.18426696])
对于大型数组,@Demitri给出的(优秀)答案比目前标记为最佳的答案快得多。我从以下两个方面调整了他的精确算法:
不管输入数组是否排序,下面的函数都有效。 下面的函数返回与最接近的值对应的输入数组的索引,这有点更一般。
请注意,下面的函数还处理了一个特定的边缘情况,这将导致@Demitri编写的原始函数中的错误。否则,我的算法和他的一样。
def find_idx_nearest_val(array, value):
idx_sorted = np.argsort(array)
sorted_array = np.array(array[idx_sorted])
idx = np.searchsorted(sorted_array, value, side="left")
if idx >= len(array):
idx_nearest = idx_sorted[len(array)-1]
elif idx == 0:
idx_nearest = idx_sorted[0]
else:
if abs(value - sorted_array[idx-1]) < abs(value - sorted_array[idx]):
idx_nearest = idx_sorted[idx-1]
else:
idx_nearest = idx_sorted[idx]
return idx_nearest